Insurance risks and their types. Classification of risks in insurance

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An insurance risk is an expected negative event against which one must insure.

An event that has already occurred is called an insured event.

Let's consider what these events are and in what case they are subject to insurance.

Signs of insurance risk

Insurance risks have certain characteristics, without which insurance is impossible.

Signs:

1. Probability of occurrence. Those. these must be events the occurrence of which is in principle possible, such as: human actions, natural or man-made phenomena, etc. An example would be theft, hijacking, fire, breakdown, loss, etc. Events whose occurrence in the future cannot be considered an insurance risk. real world It is considered impossible, such as an attack by an extraterrestrial civilization.
2. Randomness of the attack. Such events are the result of the coincidence of some processes and do not depend directly on the will of people. Thus, if the risk of loss of property from fire was insured, but it is proven that the property was lost as a result of arson by the policyholder himself, this event will not be considered as an insured event.

Only if two signs are present, the alleged event is an insured risk, and the actual event can be considered an insured event.

Insurance rules

So, by assuming the occurrence of one or another event, you can insure your risks.

For this purpose, select insurance company, with whom it is necessary to conclude an insurance contract in writing.

The conclusion of a contract is paid; upon its conclusion, a monetary (insurance) amount is paid at a time, then payments are made at periods specified in the contract. insurance premiums(bonuses).

When an insured event occurs, the policyholder is paid insurance payment, the amount of which depends on the sum insured and insurance premiums. Accordingly, the more expensive the insurance contract, the greater the expected insurance payments.

The contract specifies the events upon the occurrence of which an insurance payment is due.

Cases of compulsory insurance

You can determine it yourself insurance risks and insure or not insure them as you wish. However, the legislation of the Russian Federation provides for cases of compulsory insurance.

In particular, these are the cases:

1. Compulsory social insurance;
2. Mandatory pension insurance;
3. Compulsory health insurance;
4. Compulsory insurance civil liability vehicle owners, etc.

In all of the above cases, a written insurance contract is also concluded, with specific insurance risks determined by law, for example, loss of health, performance, damage vehicle etc.

Risk can be managed, i.e. use various measures, allowing to a certain extent to predict the occurrence of a risk event and to reduce the degree of risk. The effectiveness of a risk management organization is largely determined by risk classification.

The following types of risks are distinguished:

• 1. Pure and speculative;
• 2. Risks that can be insured;
• 3. Risks that cannot be insured (non-insurable);
• 4. Favorable and unfavorable risks.

Depending on the possible economic result of their manifestation, risks are divided into two main groups - pure and speculative. Pure risks determine the possibility of obtaining a negative or zero economic result (risks of natural phenomena, natural man-made, environmental).

Speculative risks provide the opportunity to get all three economic results- negative, zero and positive (financial risks as part of the risks of commercial activity).

Based on the possibility of being insured, risks are divided into insurance and non-insurance. Non-insurance risks cannot be insured and, therefore, are not included in the insurance contract. The largest group consists of risks that can be insured. The list of insurance risks constitutes the volume of insurance liability under the insurance contract, which is expressed using the insured amount of the contract.

Depending on the source of danger, risks associated with the manifestation of spontaneous forces of nature and targeted human influence in the process of appropriating material wealth are identified. Risks associated with the manifestation of natural forces include earthquakes, floods, mudflows, tsunamis, etc.

Targeted human influence is associated with risks such as theft, robbery, acts of vandalism and other illegal actions.

Based on the scope of the insurer's liability, risks are divided into individual and universal. For example, individual risk is expressed in an insurance contract for a masterpiece of painting during transportation and exposure in case of acts of vandalism in relation to it. A universal risk that is included in the insurer's liability under most property insurance contracts is theft.

A special group consists of specific risks: abnormal, catastrophic, large.

Anomalous risks include risks the size of which does not allow the corresponding objects to be classified into one or another group of the insurance population.

Abnormal risks are higher and lower than normal. A risk below normal is favorable for the insurer and receives coverage for normal conditions insurance contract. A risk higher than normal is not always favorable for the insurer and receives coverage for special conditions insurance contract.

Catastrophic risks constitute a significant group that covers a large number of insured objects or policyholders, and are capable of causing damage on an especially large scale. These are risks associated with the manifestation of spontaneous forces of nature, as well as with transformative human activity in the process of creating material wealth (for example, an accident at a nuclear power plant).

Large risks are single risks that cause significant damage, the volume of which insurers cannot cover on their own, since compensation within one risk portfolio is impossible from a financial point of view. In this case, there is a need to enter the global market.

The definition of objective and subjective risks is extremely important in the work of the insurer. Objective risks express the harmful effects of uncontrollable forces of nature and other accidents on the objects of insurance. Subjective risks are based on denial or ignorance of an objective approach to reality and depend on the will and consciousness of a person.

Environmental risks are associated with environmental pollution and are caused by transformative human activities in the process of creating material wealth.

Environmental risks are usually not included in the insurer's scope of liability.

At the same time, certain insurance interests caused by environmental risks have led to the creation of an independent type of insurance that meets these interests.

Transport risks are divided into comprehensive and cargo risks. CASCO transport risks involve insurance of aircraft, sea and river vessels, railway rolling stock and cars during movement, parking (downtime) and repairs. Cargo transport risks involve insurance of goods transported by air, sea, river, rail and road transport.

Political (repressive) risks are associated with illegal actions from the point of view of international law, with government events or actions foreign countries in relation to a given sovereign state. Political risks that affect the activities of an enterprise include:

• o the impossibility of carrying out economic activities due to military operations, revolution, aggravation of the internal political situation in the country, nationalization, confiscation of goods and enterprises, the introduction of an embargo due to the refusal of the new government to fulfill the obligations assumed by its predecessors, etc.;
• o introducing a deferment (moratorium) on external payments for a certain period due to the occurrence of emergency circumstances (strike, war, etc.);
• o unfavorable change in tax liability;
• o prohibition or restriction of conversion of national currency into payment currency. In this case, the obligation to exporters can be fulfilled in national currency, which has a limited scope of application.

Technical risks manifest themselves in the form of accidents due to sudden failure of machinery and equipment or failure in production technology. The problem of insuring technical risks is determining the frequency of accidents and how to assess damage from them.

Technical risks are universal in nature, i.e. protect the object from many causes of damage. The reasons may be management errors, installation errors, technology violations, negligence in work, etc., which lead to premature failures and failure of machines and equipment. Thus, technical risks can cause damage to property, life and health of people, and the financial interests of the enterprise due to interruption in production and excess costs.

On the other hand, technical risks are divided according to the type of fixed and working capital in relation to which they occur:

machinery and equipment - industrial risk;

buildings, structures, transmission devices - construction (construction and installation) risks;

instruments, computers, communications - electrical risks;

vehicles - transport risks (hull insurance, cargo, liability);

agriculture - risks of animal and plant diseases, livestock deaths, crop damage, etc.

Risks of civil liability are associated with legal claims of individuals and legal entities in connection with harm caused, for example, by a source of increased danger (road, rail, air and sea transport, a number of chemical industries). Physical or legal entity, which has such a source of increased danger, can insure its civil liability to third parties, i.e. shift the responsibility for compensation for property damage by third parties to the insurer.

Commercial risks represent the danger of losses in the process of financial and economic activities. They mean the uncertainty of the results of a given commercial transaction.

Based on their structural characteristics, commercial risks are divided into property, production, trade, and financial.

Property risks are risks associated with the likelihood of loss of an entrepreneur’s property due to theft, sabotage, negligence, overvoltage of technical or technological systems, etc.

Production risks are risks associated with losses from stopping production due to the influence of various factors and, above all, with the loss or damage of fixed and working capital (equipment, raw materials, transport, etc.), as well as risks associated with the introduction into production new equipment and technology.

Trade risks are risks associated with loss due to delayed payments, refusal to pay during the transportation of goods, non-delivery of goods, etc.

Financial risks associated with the probability of losses financial resources. Financial risks are divided into two types: those associated with the purchasing power of money (inflationary, deflationary, currency risks, liquidity risks) and with the investment of capital (investment risks).

Inflation risk is the risk that when inflation rises, cash income received depreciates in terms of real purchasing power faster than it grows. In such conditions, the entrepreneur suffers real losses.

Deflationary risk is the risk that with increasing deflation, a fall in the price level, a deterioration in economic conditions for business, and a decrease in income occur.

Currency risks represent the danger of currency losses associated with changes in the exchange rate of one foreign currency in relation to another, when conducting foreign economic credit and other currency transactions.

Liquidity risks are risks associated with the possibility of losses during the sale of securities or other goods due to changes in the assessment of their quality and consumer value.

Investment risks include the following subtypes: lost profits;

decrease in profitability; direct financial losses.

The risk of lost profits is the risk of indirect (collateral) financial damage (lost profit) as a result of failure to implement any activity.

The risk of a decrease in profitability may arise as a result of a decrease in the amount of interest and dividends on portfolio investments, deposits and loans.

Risks of direct financial losses include the following types:

exchange risks represent the danger of losses from exchange transactions (risk of non-payment for commercial transactions, risk of non-payment commission brokerage firm, etc.);

selective risks are the risks of making the wrong choice of capital investment, the type of securities for investment in comparison with other types of securities when forming an investment portfolio;

bankruptcy risk is the risk of complete loss by the entrepreneur equity and its inability to pay off its obligations as a result of an incorrect choice of capital investment.

Risk in general understanding is the possibility of an event occurring. Many volumes of mathematicians are devoted to the probability of risk occurrence. This phenomenon is calculated using mathematical laws, but in practice it still occurs unexpectedly... The very possibility of risk occurring presupposes measures to protect against it. Therefore, there is a need for insurance. assessed from the point of view of the possibility of an insured event occurring.

Insurance risk criteria

There are several aspects, the assessment of which allows us to classify the risk as insurable:

— the random nature of the risk assumes that the parties who entered into the insurance contract do not know the amount of damage and the moment of occurrence of the insured event.

— the insurance premium should be determined on the basis of statistical data of homogeneous events that reveal patterns of risk occurrence.

— the insurance risk should not be a figment of the insurer’s imagination, i.e. intentional;

— events causing massive damage, for example, global natural disasters, should not be considered as insurance risks;

- the damage and other interests of the policyholder can be assessed or measured in some way.

Based on these criteria, an insurance risk can be called an event upon the occurrence of which the insurance company is obliged to compensate the damage to the injured party by determining the amount of payment under the contract.

Types of insurance risks

There are several approaches to classification insurance risks. The basis for it could be:

— the source of danger is natural disasters or deliberate human impact;

— scope of responsibility – universal and individual risks;

— assessment of the event – ​​objective and subjective risks.

Despite different approaches, there is some general classification, according to which the following types of risks are distinguished:

1. Risks of civil liability. These are claims related to damage caused by sources of increased danger, for example, hazardous production. A person or enterprise that has such sources can insure its civil liability to third parties.
2. Environmental risks. The nature of these risks is clear from the name of the category. Typically, the possibility of environmentally unpleasant events is not included in the scope of responsibility of the insurance company. However, in recent years This area of ​​insurance services is actively developing.
3. Risks associated with transport include insurance of cargo and rolling stock.
4. Special risks. This category includes special valuables - works of art, piece jewelry, personalized handicrafts, musical instruments, etc.
5. General technical risks are associated with industrial accidents, sudden malfunctions of equipment that lead to material damage or threaten the health and lives of people.
6. Investment risks. These are phenomena of shortfall in expected profit or complete deprivation financial investments during the implementation of any projects. This large group includes credit and business risks, financial and commercial.

Insurable and uninsurable risks

Events that can be observed on homogeneous objects or phenomena, quantitative predictions can be made, can be insured, and they belong to the category of insurable risks. Extraordinary events, the risk of which no organization can assume, are considered uninsurable.

Described insurance risks are the basis for everyone existing species and forms of insurance. They are all interconnected, so optimizing risk to determine the optimal insurance premium is not an easy task. Those insurers that successfully solve this problem survive in the market.