Reforms of the four modernizations in China. Does the Chinese experience of the “four modernizations” suit us? Tour of the capital of China

17.12.2019

Deng Xiaoping is one of the prominent politicians of communist China. It was he who had to deal with the disastrous consequences of Mao Zedong’s policies and the “cultural revolution” carried out by the famous “gang of four” (these are his associates). For ten years (from 1966 to 1976), it became obvious that the country had not made the expected “big leap,” so pragmatists replaced the supporters of revolutionary methods. These included Deng Xiaoping, whose policy was marked by a consistency and desire to modernize China, to preserve its ideological foundations and identity. In this article, I would like to reveal the essence of the transformations carried out under the guidance of this person, as well as to understand their meaning and significance.

Rise to power

Deng Xiaoping overcame a thorny career path before becoming the unspoken leader of the CCP. By 1956, he was appointed to the post of Secretary General of the Central Committee. However, he was removed from his post after ten years of service in connection with the beginning of the "cultural revolution", which provided for a large-scale purge of both personnel and the population. After the death of Mao Zedong and the arrest of his close associates, pragmatists are rehabilitated, and already during the 3rd plenum, parties of the eleventh convocation begin to develop and implement the reforms of Deng Xiaoping in China.

Policy Features

It is important to understand that he in no way refused socialism, only the methods of its construction changed, and a desire arose to give the political system in the country uniqueness, Chinese characteristics. By the way, personal mistakes and atrocities of Mao Zedong were not advertised - the fault fell mainly on the aforementioned "gang of four."

The famous Chinese reforms of Deng Xiaoping were based on the implementation of the "policy of four modernizations": in industry, the army, agriculture and science. Its final result was to be the restoration and recovery of the country's economy. A specific feature of the course of this political leader was the willingness to contact the world, as a result of which foreign investors and businessmen began to show interest in the Celestial Empire. The fact that the country had huge cheap labor was attractive: the rural population prevailing there was ready to work for a minimum, but with maximum productivity, to feed their families. China also owned a rich resource base, so there was an instant demand for government resources.

Agricultural sphere

First of all, Deng Xiaoping needed to carry out reforms, because the support of the masses was vital for him to consolidate his figure in power. While under Mao Zedong, emphasis was placed on the development of heavy industry and the military-industrial complex, the new leader, on the contrary, announced conversion, expansion of production to restore domestic demand in the country.

People’s communes, in which people were equal, were not able to improve their position were abolished. They were replaced by brigades and households - the so-called family contracts. The advantage of such forms of labor organization was that new peasant collectives were allowed to leave surplus products, that is, super-yields could be realized in the emerging market in China and profit from it. In addition, freedom was provided in setting prices for agricultural goods. As for the land that the peasants cultivated, it was leased to them, but over time it was declared their property.

Consequences of Agricultural Reforms

These innovations contributed to a significant increase in the standard of living in the village. In addition, an impetus was given to the development of the market, and the authorities, in practice, were convinced that personal initiative and material incentives to work are much more productive than the plan. This was proved by the results of the reforms: in a few years, the amount of grain grown by peasants almost doubled, by 1990 China became the first to harvest meat and cotton, and increased

The end of international isolation

If you open the concept of "openness", it is worthwhile to understand that Deng Xiaoping was against a sharp transition to active foreign trade. It was planned to smoothly build economic ties with the world, the gradual penetration of the market in the unchanged command and administrative economy of the country. Another feature was that all the transformations were first tested in a small region, and if they were successful, they were introduced already at the national level.

So, for example, already in 1978-1979. in the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong opened SEZ - special economic zones, which are some markets for products by the local population, business ties were established with investors from abroad. They began to be called "capitalist islets", and their number grew rather slowly, despite the favorable state budget. It was the gradual formation of such zones when building foreign trade that did not allow China to lose the lion's share of raw materials, which could be immediately sold out at a very high price by Chinese standards. Also, domestic production did not suffer, risking being suppressed by imported and cheaper goods. Favorable ties with various countries led to the acquaintance and introduction of modern technologies, machines, and factory equipment in the production. Many Chinese went to study abroad to gain experience with their Western colleagues. A certain economic exchange has developed between China and other countries, satisfying the interests of both sides.

Changes in Industrial Management

As you know, before Deng Xiaoping was chosen as the unofficial leader of the Chinese Communist Party of China, whose economic reforms made China a powerful power, all enterprises were subordinated to the plan and strict control by the state. The new country recognized the inefficiency of such a system and expressed the need for updating it. For this, a gradual method was proposed. Over time, it was assumed that the plan approach would be abandoned and that a mixed type of management of the country's economy with a predominant state participation would be created. As a result, in 1993, plans were kept to a minimum, state control decreased, and market relations were gaining momentum. Thus, a "double track" system of managing the economy of the country has developed, which takes place in China to this day.

Affirmation of the diversity of ownership

Carrying out reforms one after another transforming China, Deng Xiaoping faced a property problem. The fact is that a change in the organization of farming in a Chinese village allowed newly-made households to earn money, capital grew to open their own businesses. In addition, foreign businessmen also sought to open branches of their enterprises in China. These factors have led to the formation of collective, municipal, individual, foreign and other forms of ownership.

Interestingly, the authorities did not plan to introduce such a variety. The reason for its appearance lies in the personal initiative of the local population, which has its own savings, to open and expand independently created enterprises. People were not interested in privatizing state property, they wanted to initially conduct their business. The reformers, seeing the potential in them, decided to officially secure the right of citizens to have private property and conduct individual entrepreneurship. Nevertheless, the most support "from above" was received by foreign capital: foreign investors were given a range of different benefits when starting their own business in the territory. And as for state-owned enterprises, in order to prevent them from going bankrupt when such high competition appeared, the plan for them was maintained, but was reduced from over the years, and they, too, were guaranteed various kinds of tax deductions, subsidies, profitable loans.

Value

It is impossible to deny that Deng Xiaoping, together with like-minded people, did a great job of leading the country out of a state of deep economic crisis. Thanks to their reforms, China has significant weight in the global economy and, consequently, in politics. The country has developed a unique "concept of double-track economic development," competently combining command and administrative levers and market elements. The new communist leaders steadily continue the ideas of Deng Xiaoping. For example, the state has now set goals to build a "middle-income society" by 2050 and eliminate inequality.

At the CCP Theoretical Conference in 1979, they officially talked about reforms “Four upgrades”:in agriculture, industry, science and technology and the military sphere.

Agriculture Reforms

Yet in 1978in Sichuan, led by Zhao Ziyang(since September 1979 - Prime Minister of the PRC), was held family contract experiment.It was based on the old idea of \u200b\u200bDeng Xiaoping - "assigning tasks to peasant households." The results were staggering: the production of grain and other agricultural products increased sharply, and the incomes of peasants increased. It was decided to extend this practice throughout the country, which was approved by the Plenum of the CPC Central Committee in September 1979. Purchase prices were increased by 30%. In the early 1980s the dissolution of cooperatives began. Large-scale restructuring of agriculture began in the summer of 1981. The most important measures:

a) allowed peasant markets, subsidiary crafts;

b) the area of \u200b\u200bland allotted for personal plots was three times increased;

c) increased government allocations for the development of agricultural infrastructure;

d) industry is reoriented to the production of small agricultural machinery;

e) have gradually been reduced, and since 1985 they have completely refused compulsory deliveries of agricultural products; they were replaced by a system of government contracts, and the products needed by the population came through the market.

By that time, the system of production responsibility had spread to all of China: the arable land of production teams was divided and assigned to individual families. They were given assignments; after the delivery of the prescribed amount of production, the family could dispose of the surplus at its discretion.

Gradually taxes replaced the tasks,established taking into account the quantity and quality of land. True, government agencies have tightened control over its use. In particular, soil erosion was not allowed, it was forbidden to use arable land for other needs.

Private ownership of land has not been established. The lease was introduced, its terms were constantly increasing: 15 years, 50 years. It was subsequently introduced life rentalwith the right of hereditary use and transfer of land to other hands for an appropriate fee. Formally, private land ownership does not exist in China to this day; land, for example, cannot be sold, mortgaged, etc.

These measures led to a rapid increase in agricultural production - by 11.7% per year. By 1987, China had solved the problem.domestic provision of food and agricultural raw materials and started exporting food.

True, this increased the social stratification in the countryside, which explains the rejection of reforms in certain sectors of society. But in general, the material well-being of the rural population has increased significantly (annual income growth was 8.1%).

Increased production efficiency exacerbated the problem of excess labor in the countryside. State has become encourage the development of local industry,allowing large enterprises to create their branches in villages where they will have significantly fewer problems with recruiting labor, providing housing, utilities, etc. Such enterprises were provided with preferential loans and discounts in taxation. Rural enterprises absorbed free labor - by the beginning of the 1990s. 85 million people worked there, producing a third of all industrial products, some of which were exported. This helped reduce the severity of the employment problem, but by 1990 there were more than 150 million people in the Chinese village of surplus labor.

Industry modernization

The task was not limited only to updating equipment, enterprises should receive constant incentive to innovate.To do this, it was necessary to destroy the state economy, introduce market principlesto develop competition, "open to the world."

It was important to preserve the social well-being of the population, to survive the inevitable rise in prices. A specificity of China was also a huge number of unprofitable enterprises, with primitive technology; they cannot be closed immediately, as the employment problem will worsen.

In its most general form, Deng Xiaoping formulated following provisions:

a) reduce the scope of policy planning and distribution
resources;

b) eliminate excessive centralization, expand economic
new independence of enterprises and regions;

c) use the capabilities of small private enterprises;

d) remove restrictions on the growth of salaries and incomes.
Reduced directive planningfirst implemented

in Sichuan province; in 1979, an experiment began there: enterprises, fulfilling the state order, received independence in the distribution of the remaining profit.

The result exceeded expectations: production growth was 80%. Since 1981, the system has been extended to all of China. All large enterprises received government orders, but no more than 50% of their capacity. Beyond this, an enterprise can produce anything and sell at market prices.

At the same time, wholesale was allowed at free prices. This had an effect, enterprises became interested in the results. True, negative trends also appeared over time: double prices for the same goods (free and state) arose, and attempts were made to speculate on the price difference.

IN1987 year narrowed the scope of centralized management. With directorsstate enterprisesbegan to be contractsin case of non-compliance with the directors, criminal liability awaited. As a result, in the first year, 80% of the current directors voluntarily resigned, since under the new conditions they were required to have other qualities: professionalism, the ability to analyze, and economic preparedness.

FROM 1979 in China began the creation of private enterprises:at first only in retail and consumer services; then it spread to other sectors of the economy. The permissible scale of private entrepreneurship also gradually expanded: at first it was allowed to use hired labor in an amount of not more than 5 people, then 15, 50 people, and so on until all restrictions on the number of employees were lifted. By 1987, about 25 million private enterprises functioned in the PRC.

The private sector not only helped defuse the situation with surplus labor - already in 1985 35% of gross domestic product was produced in this sector.

Attraction foreign capitalstarted with creating in 1979 4 free economic zones in southern China:these closed administrative units have become a kind of enclaves of a market economy in the PRC. There were special rules for the circulation of foreign currency, the transfer of profits abroad, low taxes were established, etc. But the administration of the zones was Chinese, the permission to open enterprises was given by the Chinese, the creation of export-oriented enterprises, that is, producing the best products, was encouraged. quality. An example is the Shenzhen zone, created on the border with Hong Kong. In addition to attracting foreign capital, foreign experience, new technologies, and administrative skills were widely used there. Free zones have become locomotives of progress in China, their number is constantly growing, covering all new regions.

In the summer of 1979was accepted law on Joint Ventures:their area of \u200b\u200baction was constantly expanding. China began to turn to foreign loanswhich I’ve never done before. Since 1984, the country began to receive preferential loans from the IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) and the IMF (International Monetary Fund), which constituted serious competition for India. Chinese exports gradually began to grow, particularly rapidly since 1985; replenished and stocks of foreign currency.

Industrial growthin some years it reached 16%, real wage growth at city enterprises - 9%. The well-being of the population has increased: by 1987, already 93% of urban families had their own televisions, 60% had washing machines, 52% had tape recorders. The Chinese economy began to develop.

Modernization of science and technology

First of all, China has changed dramatically attitude towards the intelligentsia and educated people. Moreover, education has become the main criterionupon appointment, that is, it became prestigious.

Government spending increasedfor all types of educational institutions, teachers' salaries increased. Capable students were sent to study abroad, to the best universities in the world, and at state expense. True, there were doubts about this: whether there would be an escape abroad, but such considerations were not taken into account.

In addition, families were given the opportunity to teach their children abroad at their own expense. Nevertheless, it was not easy to repair the damage caused to education during the years of the “building of socialism” and especially during the “cultural revolution”.

It should be noted that, objectively, China needs to translate hieroglyphic writing on a phonetic basis. This would expand the possibility of obtaining a technical education, and would facilitate the borrowing of innovations. In recent decades, the question of the corresponding reform has not been removed from the agenda, but there is a problem of various dialects (dialects in the south of China are especially different), Thus, although the hieroglyphic writing unites the Chinese language into a single whole, there is no unity in language in phonetic terms.

Defense modernization

This modernization was allotted last place on the priority listfirst of all by reason for lack of funds.After a limited conflict with Vietnam in 1979started reduction in military spending. TOIn 1984, the share of military expenditures in the budget decreased more than twofold compared to 1979. The reduction in the size of the Chinese army also began: from 1979 to 1981, it decreased by 1/3; in 1985, another major reduction was made - by 1 million people. Now the size of the Chinese army is up to 3.5 million people.

The conversion of the military industry began: enterprises began to switch to the production of civilian products. Many military installations, depots, bomb shelters, etc., were subject to privatization.

At the same time fundamentally the military doctrine itself has changedin China: the authorities abandoned the previous stake on the "guerrilla war", began to pay more attention to the technical equipment of the army.

China has focused on development nuclear weapons and their meansdelivery: since 1982, China has adopted the first ballistic missiles; Since 1983, it has been developing satellite communications.

In recent years, the army has become a huge independent economic force: factories, factories, agricultural enterprises, mines, mines, trading companies and even distilleries became its property. The military gradually switched to full self-sufficiency, without requiring funds from the state budget.

It tells about labor relations in China of the era of the great reforms of Deng Xiaoping, how much they differed from modern realities in labor legislation

The policy of four upgrades

Today, under the heading "School of Professional Development", dear readers, you are invited to familiarize yourself with the labor relations in China of the era of the great reforms of Deng Xiaoping. We suggest checking how they differed from modern realities in labor legislation.

In early November, the southern capital was flooded with continuous rains. Just on the day when the wet rain began to slowly turn into snow, Director Nemo called his employees, setting them the next task. By temporary standards, the journey was not far off - in the eighties of the XX century. Agency employees were required to obtain a full copy of the report of the great reformer.

In November 1979, in the center of one of the central streets of Beijing, two girls from the Soviet Union were desperately trying to find their way to the Culture House. They needed to get there on a rally of Komsomol organizations of socialist countries. According to rumors, the Chairman of the PRC Council Deng Xiaoping was to deliver a welcoming speech to the delegates of the rally.

They managed to catch a taxi and explain to the driver where they need to get.

The taxi driver turned out to be talkative and good-natured fellow. Upon learning that he was driving guests from the Soviet Union, Yan Wei, the driver’s name, said that he initially mistook Ainur for a Chinese woman. Moreover, her Chinese, thanks to an accelerated training course through a brain synthesizer, was pretty good.

Tour of the capital of China

Yan Wei talked about local attractions, giving the girls a short tour of the capital of China.

There were few cars on the roads, mostly buses and trucks. Many people rushed about their business on bicycles, mopeds and motorbikes. At the intersections were traffic controllers with striped sticks in their hands, helmets and dark brown military uniforms. The houses were low, most not higher than nine floors. The era of building skyscrapers has not yet begun ...

Despite the rainy season beginning, the city was humid and hot.

A taxi driver showed them monuments, squares and ancient buildings. They managed to drive near Tiananmen Square, which was visited by a huge number of people.

When asked by Olesya how he relates to the reforms of Xiaoping, the driver said that the whole impression was favorable. And not only from him, but also from most of his friends.

The standard of living has increased.

For example, his uncle in the village, who chaired the village commune, which supplied rice and grain to the state, recently wrote that the government now buys products from them at higher prices. They were raised by thirty percent. At the same time, taxes were reduced. Is it bad?

Of course, good! - answered Olesya.

Only a week ago, Yan Wei itself achieved a wage increase of twenty percent, as well as an increase in premiums for early fulfillment of the plan. True, so far these changes will come into force only from the next month and will be reflected in the labor contract that their company will sign with the employees.

At the CCP Theoretical Conference in 1979, they officially talked about reforms “Four upgrades”:in agriculture, industry, science and technology and the military sphere.

Agriculture Reforms

a) allowed peasant markets, subsidiary crafts;

b) the area of \u200b\u200bland allotted for personal plots was three times increased;

c) increased government allocations for the development of agricultural infrastructure;

d) industry is reoriented to the production of small agricultural machinery;

Industry modernization

In its most general form, Deng Xiaoping formulated following provisions:

a) reduce the scope of policy planning and distribution
resources;

b) eliminate excessive centralization, expand economic
new independence of enterprises and regions;

c) use the capabilities of small private enterprises;

d) remove restrictions on the growth of salaries and incomes.
Reduced directive planningfirst implemented

in Sichuan province; in 1979, an experiment began there: enterprises, fulfilling the state order, received independence in the distribution of the remaining profit.

The private sector not only helped defuse the situation with surplus labor - already in 1985 35% of gross domestic product was produced in this sector.

Modernization of science and technology

Defense modernization

China has focused on development nuclear weapons and their meansdelivery: since 1982, China has adopted the first ballistic missiles; Since 1983, it has been developing satellite communications.

III. Reform Difficulties

Resistance to transformationsin China it turned out from the very beginning of the reforms. Reforms were opposed, first of all, by the left in the leadership CCP, activistsparties, secondly, showed discontent army.

Since the early 1980s In China, a massive fight against bribery is being carried out; thousands of ganbu were arrested and put on trial. The reduction of the apparatus began, its number at that time already exceeded 20 million people. In September 1982, resistance in the ranks of the CCP significantly weakened as a result of the decision of the XII Congress on the establishment of commissions of advisers in the party, under this pretext, many fans of "socialism" were eliminated.

New cadres were distinguished by youth, professionalism; the party began to involve the intelligentsia, educated people. Was going separation of party and state functionsin the device.

IN army environmentdissatisfaction is explained by the sharp reduction in government spending on military needs since 1979 and a change in the whole military conceptin China. The leader of the resistance was the Minister of Defense, the elderly E. Jiang,- he was deposed. Massive reductions in the army began in October 1982: incompetent officers and political workers quit, there was a general reduction in the number of troops.

As we move towards a market economy, society became more and more independent of authorities:a significant part of the population worked in the private sector, and the peasantry also did not feel a special need for rural party organizations. It was clear that gradually prerequisites for changes in the political sphere.This prompted the adherents of the old to make a new attempt to go on the offensive and save “socialism”. It was decided to take advantage of the social discontent of certain layers.

As a result of reforms, not only accelerated economic growth, but also happened social stratification, unemployment increased and inflation increased.By 1986, the pace of economic development slowed down. The devaluation in 1987 caused a sharp increase in prices because almost half of the goods were already sold at market prices.

In November 1987, the CCP was removed at the XIII Congressas party leader Hu Yaobang,accused in "liberalism".Became his successor Zhao Ziyang, and Li Peng was elected the new Prime Minister of the State Council.Come alive discussions about political system reform.Criticism of the Communists expanded, louder the demands for the abolition of censorship, the abolition of the CCP’s sole power, and the further development of democracy. It would seem that the government has become more liberal. Deng Xiaoping faded into the shadows for a while. Dissatisfaction with corruption was universal.

Spring 1989mr. Hu Yaobang died. His funeral in Beijing gave rise to student mass demonstrationsand youth.Dissatisfied workers and intellectuals joined them, unrest occurred in 80 large cities. At this critical moment, Zhao Ziyang was traveling abroad, but after returning, he began to sympathize with the demonstrators, while in official publications they were subjected to angry attacks.

At that moment, M.S. Gorbachev to Beijing, he had to be delivered by helicopter to the official residence of the Chinese leaders. The visit was crumpled. Student unrest in Tiananmen Square continued, with a crowd of about 1 million students gathered there. Gathered demanded political reform.

May 20, 1989introduced in Beijing state of emergency. June 4, 1989Deng Xiaoping gave the order to disperse the demonstrators. Force was used: people were shot from heavy machine guns and crushed by tanks; Hundreds of people died, among them dozens of journalists, including foreign ones. Arrested dissidents. But in other cities, such as Shanghai, riots were avoided.

Personnel shifts followed: filmed by Zhao Ziyang,appointed in his place Jiang Zeminnative of Shanghai. Market economy reforms were suspended.Opponents of change revived again, began to talk about a "rollback", suspicions about the "new Chinese" revived in the country.

The governments of all countries of the world expressed their indignation at the massacre of the demonstrators, but it did not last long. The US Congress imposed sanctions against China in connection with the violation of human rights and even postponed for a year the provision of this country with the most favored nation treatment in trade. However deterioration of relations between China and industrial countries did not happen.

Soon, the US unofficially held talks with the Chinese to resolve the situation. US President D. Bush has taken measures to limit sanctions, and the most favored nation treatment for China has been restored.

China has become too powerful a state in the world,so that you can apply any sanctions. This was an indirect confirmation of the success of the reforms, but the fact that they stalled remained an undoubted fact. And it was not known when they would resume.

Society in China has become more independent from the authorities, which is why the issue of political transformation has come up on the agenda. However, this could lead to a weakening of central authority in China, and the collapse of the communist regime would turn into anarchy.

conclusions

1. China’s refusal to “build socialism” was the result of a complex combination of internal and external factors. The decisive prerequisite was still a change in the political climate in society, in the CCP and its leadership, although this did not lead to a change in the political regime.

2. When conducting reforms in China, they were guided by a number of principles: all reforms went from above, under the control of the center, and were adjusted taking into account social consequences. At the same time, the semblance of the former course “towards socialism” remained, so as not to annoy a part of people committed to former ideals.

3. The result of the reforms in China was the introduction of market elements in the Chinese economy, it is increasingly moving away from the old, centrally managed. This led to the fact that society became more independent from the communist ideology and authorities, and prerequisites were created for eliminating the political dictatorship.

4. As reforms deepened in the second half of the 1980s. the resistance of the supporters of "socialism" increased. Social problems also intensified, and the polarization of society intensified. Demands for changes in the political sphere were decisively suppressed in June 1989; further reforms in China are suspended.

LECTURE 29

China at the end of the 20th century

I. The resumption of transformation in 1992

After the events in Tiananmen Square in June 1989, it seemed that the reforms were over. Censorship was again strengthened, dozens of dissidents were arrested, and “leftists” became more active.

Western sanctions against human rights violations in China have been ineffective and have been discontinued. The period of uncertainty lasted two years. It would seem that there is no hope for a change in policy. Moreover, in 1991, Deng Xiaoping renounced his last official post - Chairman of the Military Council of the CPC Central Committee; he was already 87 years old. But it was soon confirmed that he still maintains a leading position in the country.

In the spring 1992Deng Xiaoping travels to Shanghai, Wuhan and the south, where he visited special economic zones. During the trip, Dan first spoke of the need to resume market reforms; it became a signal - the resistance of the "leftists" was easily broken.

In October 1992 the XIV Congress of the CCP was held. The new party leader Jiang Zemin, who had already strengthened his position, made a report at the congress. He gave a signal to the resumption of market reforms. They boiled down to the following:

1. Already in 1992, large-scale price liberalization began; the centralized system of state distribution of resources was canceled. As a result, already in 1993, only 5% of goods in China were sold at solid state prices. Free grain prices were introduced; in 1993, only 10% of all agricultural products in China were sold at government prices. These were key measures that the Chinese leadership could not decide for a long time.

2. Since 1992, a double state budget has been introduced in the PRC: regular and development budgets. The first is replenished by taxes, the second by non-tax revenues: it goes to reform needs.

3. In 1994, the PRC held tax reform:single income tax rates on enterprises were reduced to 33% (from 55%); for low-profit enterprises, two-year tax rates have been set to give them time to carry out transformations. 15% of taxes were returned to enterprises to replenish working capital.

4. In 1994, a single floating exchange raterMB the circulation of any foreign currencies is prohibited in the PRC; all foreign exchange operations have come under state control.

5. In the same 1994, adopted foreign trade law:the state monopoly as a whole was canceled; Now enterprises could independently enter the foreign market. The state monopoly was preserved only on 16 items of products!

Deng Xiaoping Died on February 19, 1997“The father of reform.” However, by that time, Jiang Zemin had strengthened his positions enough to continue reforms in the absence of the patriarch. In September 1997took place XV congress of the CCP.He reaffirmed the previous strategy and adopted a grandiose "The public sector modernization program."

State-owned enterprises gave only 3 gross domestic product, but at the same time absorbed the lion's share of investment and state financing. The state was in charge of 100% of the country's entire infrastructure (railways, aviation, energy, communications, mail), about 90% of all banks, metallurgy and chemical enterprises, 60% of engineering and construction companies, more than half of all foreign trade. At the same time, about half of the enterprises were unprofitable, losses were repaid from the treasury.

The congress decided: to leave in state ownership only one thousand enterprises, mainly the main infrastructure. They should turn into corporations with broad economic independence, adapted to operate in market conditions. All others (about 17 thousand) must determine the form of management themselves: corporatization, transfer of property for rent or sale of it to private hands.

This was a difficult decision, as it concerned the removal of the main obstacles to reform.

In the spring of 1998new the prime ministerChina's appointed Zhu Rongzi.Prior to that, he served as the first deputy of Li Peng and was considered the main initiator of public sector corporatization. Zhu Rongzi hails from Hunan, but worked for a long time in Shanghai, along with Jiang Zemin. During the tragic events in Beijing in June 1989, Zhu Rongzi did not allow any clashes in Shanghai. He is a very efficient person, energetic, in favor of quick reforms; in China he is called the “king of the economy”, abroad - the “Chinese Ludwig Erhard” (father of the German “economic miracle” of the 1950-1960s).

After becoming Prime Minister, Zhu Rongzi launched a decisive reform state apparatussetting the task halve its number.Old officials ruthlessly quit: they were replaced by younger ones (under the age of 50) and professionally trained. The reduction of personnel at state enterprises also began: in 1999 alone, more than 3 were laid off shch \\,human. Zhu Rongzi also launched an attack on the military’s position, first of all, he demanded that all economic and commercial activities in the army be curtailed; a special two-year plan was adopted for this. Today in the PRC there is not a single military member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee.

In November 2002, the 16th Congress of the CCP was held. There has been a shift in senior management. Jiang Zemin resigned from his post as CCP Secretary General. In his place, 59-year-old Hu Jintao was elected. He was transferred to the post of chairman of the CCP in early March 2003. Another younger leader, Wen Jiabao, then became the prime minister of the State Council instead of Zhu Rongzi.

By the end of 1976, China was in a state of deep economic and socio-political crisis. The crisis was caused by the great-power militarist course of Mao Zedong, a voluntaristic policy " long jump"And the Maoist" cultural revolution". According to the Chinese press, 1966-1976 steel " lost a decade", Which threw the country back, putting the national economy on the brink of collapse. The country's economy was almost completely destroyed, hundreds of thousands of people were below the poverty line.

In the late 70s, Deng Xiaoping became the leader of the party and the country.

The basis for the practical development of reform ideas Deng Xiaoping became the course approved in the mid-70s four upgrades”, Which pursued the goal of transformation in four areas - agriculture, industry, the army, science and technology. Politics " four upgrades"Reflected the material content of the reform. The essence of the ideological and political line was represented by the “four basic principles”: the socialist path of development, the democratic dictatorship of the people, the leadership of the Communist Party, Marxism-Leninism and ideas Mao Zedong.

At the III plenary session of the Central Committee of the CPC of the eleventh convocation, held on December 18-22, 1978, on the initiative of Deng Xiaoping and his associates, a historic decision was made to abandon the theory of "continuing the revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat" and the political orientation to waging a "class struggle" as the main task , and transfer the center of gravity of party work to the implementation of modernization. According to this, a new policy of “reform and openness” of the PRC was announced and approved.

Thus, the main means of implementing modernization were declared reforms and policies " openness". The reforms were aimed at bringing production relations in line with the tasks of developing productive forces so that production relations do not become an inhibiting factor for the development of the country. And the policy of "openness" was intended to include China in the process of globalization of the economy and other spheres of life of the human community, actively attract foreign capital, use the achievements of science and technology, and managerial experience in order to, ultimately, increase China's world competitiveness. The goal of socialist modernization was to bring Of China by the middle of the XXI century to the level of medium-developed states in per capita production and the achievement on this basis of the general welfare of its citizens. Through modernization, an accelerated growth of the economic potential, its qualitative renewal and increase in efficiency on the basis of the development of scientific and technical potential, on the basis that science is the main productive force, has become.

Only after creating the necessary political conditions, Dan Xiaoping managed to begin full-scale implementation of the modernization program. Economic reform, according to Deng Xiaoping's theory, is impossible without reform of the political system.

The CPC, as the ruling party and as the guarantor of ensuring socio-political stability, was given a special place in the reform of the political system, and in general in the modernization process, without which it was not possible to successfully pursue a course of socialist modernization. Great importance in the reform of the political system was attached to the transformation of China into a modern rule of law, “governed by law”, that is, the development of a comprehensive legislative and regulatory framework and its implementation.

At the III plenary session of the Central Committee of the CPC of the fourteenth convocation in 1993, the leadership of the CPC, led by Deng Xiaoping was theoretical breakthrough”, Who announced the union of a market economy with socialism.

At the Fifteenth Congress of the CPC in 1997, a provision on the leading role “ deng Xiaoping's theory»At the initial stage of socialism. It was declared a new stage in the development of Marxism in China, the second theoretical achievement after " ideas of Mao Zedong"," The continuation and development of the ideas of Mao Zedong, "the scientific system of building socialism with Chinese characteristics.

The search for modernization in China began from industrialization through the course " four upgrades", Which covered all the main areas of the material existence of the state, to a comprehensive modernization of both the political and administrative, as well as the material and spiritual foundations of the life of the Chinese people. The evolution of the theory of modernization of the PRC is associated with a gradual increase in economic freedom while improving the management mechanism by introducing individual elements of democratization into it and cultivating a modern civilized cultural environment. But the unchanging main condition for pursuing a policy of modernization of the PRC at all its stages remains the monopoly of the CPC on power.

Deng Xiaoping in everything adhered to the principle of “proceeding from practice” (which is why there is no voluminous theoretical work in his collected works). He considered the main objective of the PRC modernization policy to be raising the productive forces, and he saw the main method of leadership in taking into account material interests carried out through the mechanism of market relations. Hence the rejection of " folk communes”And the introduction of family contracts in the countryside, the abolition of equalization and the introduction of the principle of distribution according to work, the diversity of ownership in the economy of the city and the countryside, the promotion of the rationality of achieving prosperity by the initially determined part of the population and regions, the departure from excessive centralization of power, the course towards the comprehensive development of science and technology as the main productive force, wide economic, foreign policy and cultural integration with the outside world.

Another area of \u200b\u200breform is associated with the gradual expansion of representative democracy within the framework of the system of assembly of people's representatives and, possibly, the intensification of the activity of the multi-party cooperation system that has historically developed over the years of the PRC. But in any case, all this does not yet affect the CCP’s monopoly on power in order to avoid destabilization, fraught with the emergence of uncontrolled political processes that threaten the collapse of the country. Therefore, special importance is attached to strengthening the ruling party and adapting the forms and methods of its activities and ideological platform to the requirements of modern reality.

To evaluate the reform, it is necessary to determine the main criteria. According to Deng Xiaoping, transformations can be considered successful if they contributed to the development of productive forces, strengthening the country's power, and raising the standard of living of the population.

Over a quarter of a century, China's gross domestic product has increased six times, personal consumption per inhabitant - three and a half times. China today is a rapidly developing country with modern industry, advanced science and culture.

What could have caused such a breakthrough in the development of a once backward country? The country's leadership believes that this was made possible thanks to a model of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which was based on the decisions of the 3rd Plenum of the CPC Central Committee of the 11th convocation of 1978 and the underlying theory of Deng Xiaoping.

Deng Xiaoping's theory became a generalization of the experience of building Chinese socialism. It is called in different ways: "the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics," "Chinese Marxism," the "valuable spiritual heritage" of the CCP and the people.

The development of the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics by Deng Xiaoping was directly related to overcoming the left and right deviations in the party, capable, in his opinion, of "ruining socialism."

Counting the Left " the main danger"He opposed their anti-scientific thesis that" better poor socialism than rich capitalism».

Deng Xiaoping also proposed to abandon the installation of the left, which makes " emphasis on class struggle". He believed that when creating socialism, especially in a backward country, emphasis should be placed on economic development and the consistent implementation of socialist modernization, that is, accelerated development of agriculture, industry, science, and improvement of socialist democracy and the rule of law.

Deng Xiaoping developed and implemented a model of transition from a planned economy to a market economy that meets Chinese realities. Under the three criteria of expediency formulated by him, it was possible to reduce the social price of reforms as much as possible, not deepen, but reduce the polarization of society, while maintaining incentives for the growth of productive forces.