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How did the population of Chuvashia change. The population of Cheboksary and Chuvashia

  • 18.05.2020
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Permanent population Chuvash Republic as of January 1, 2014 amounted to 1,239,984 people, including the urban population - 746,215 people (60.2%), the rural population - 493,769 people (39.8%). In 2013, the population of the republic decreased by 3447 people (by 0.3%)

One of the features of the structure of the population of the Chuvash Republic is multinationality. For many years there was not a single inter-ethnic conflict in Chuvashia. Currently, 95% of the population adhere to the Orthodox religion, 3% - Islam, 1% - Protestantism, 1% - other religions.

Population density Chuvashia 67.6 people per 1 sq. km. This is one of the highest rates in Russia. Economically active population in 2013 amounted to about 671.6 thousand people, of which 633.3 thousand people are employed in the economy, 38.3 thousand people are unemployed. The number of unemployed registered in public institutions employment services at the end of the year 4.8 thousand people. The demographic situation is characterized by an increase specific gravity working in the age groups from 25 to 29 years and from 50 to 54 years. The average age of those employed in the economy remains stable at 39.5 years. Average monthly nominal accrued wage employees of organizations in the Chuvash Republic in January - May 2014 amounted to 19,716.2 rubles and increased by 10.0% compared to January - May 2013. In May 2014, compared to the same period in 2013, the average salary increased by 10.0% and amounted to 20,980.4 rubles. Real wages calculated taking into account the index consumer prices, in January - May 2014 amounted to 102.8% compared to January - May 2013, and in May 2014 - 102.0% compared to May 2013.
The average number of employees in the organizations of the republic in January - May 2014 amounted to 352.5 thousand people (99.0% compared to January - May 2013).

Chuvash ( self-name - chăvash, chăvashsem) is the fifth largest people in Russia. According to the 2010 census, 1 million 435 thousand Chuvash live in the country. Their origin, history and peculiar language are considered very ancient.

According to scientists, the roots of this people are found in the most ancient ethnic groups of Altai, China, and Central Asia. The closest ancestors of the Chuvash are the Bulgars, whose tribes inhabited a vast territory from the Black Sea to the Urals. After the defeat of the state of Volga Bulgaria (14th century) and the fall of Kazan, part of the Chuvash settled in the forest regions between the Sura, Sviyaga, Volga and Kama rivers, mixing there with the Finno-Ugric tribes.

The Chuvash are divided into two main sub-ethnic groups according to the course of the Volga: riding (viryal, turi) in the west and northwest of Chuvashia, grassroots(anatari) - in the south, besides them, in the center of the republic, a group is distinguished middle-level (anat enchi). In the past, these groups differed in their way of life and material culture. Now the differences are more and more smoothed out.

The self-name of the Chuvash, according to one version, directly goes back to the ethnonym of a part of the "Bulgarian-speaking" Turks: *čōš → čowaš/čuwaš → čovaš/čuvaš. In particular, the name of the Savir tribe ("Suvar", "Suvaz" or "Suas"), mentioned by Arab authors of the 10th century (Ibn Fadlan), is considered by many researchers to be a Turkic adaptation of the Bulgar name "Suvar".

In Russian sources, the ethnonym "Chuvash" first occurs in 1508. In the 16th century, the Chuvash became part of Russia, at the beginning of the 20th century they received autonomy: since 1920, the Autonomous Region, since 1925, the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Since 1991 - the Republic of Chuvashia as part of Russian Federation. The capital of the republic is the city of Cheboksary.

Where do the Chuvash live and what language do they speak?

The main part of the Chuvash (814.5 thousand people, 67.7% of the population of the region) lives in the Chuvash Republic. It is located in the east of the East European Plain, mainly on the right bank of the Volga, between its tributaries the Sura and the Sviyaga. In the west, the republic borders on Nizhny Novgorod region, in the north - with the Republic of Mari El, in the east - with Tatarstan, in the south - with the Ulyanovsk region, in the south-west - with the Republic of Mordovia. Chuvashia is part of the Volga Federal District.

Outside the republic, a significant part of the Chuvash live compactly in Tatarstan(116.3 thousand people), Bashkortostan(107.5 thousand), Ulyanovsk(95 thousand people.) and Samara(84.1 thousand) regions, in Siberia. A small part - outside the Russian Federation,

The Chuvash language belongs to Bulgar group of the Turkic language family and is the only living language of this group. In the Chuvash language, there is a riding ("okaying") and a grassroots ("poking") dialect. On the basis of the latter, a literary language was formed. The earliest was the Turkic runic alphabet, replaced in the X-XV centuries. Arabic, and in 1769-1871 - Russian Cyrillic, to which special signs were then added.

Features of the appearance of the Chuvash

From an anthropological point of view, most of the Chuvashs belong to the Caucasoid type with a certain degree of Mongoloidity. Judging by the research materials, Mongoloid traits dominate in 10.3% of the Chuvash. Moreover, about 3.5% of them are relatively pure Mongoloids, 63.5% belong to mixed Mongoloid-European types with a predominance of Caucasoid features, 21.1% represent various Caucasoid types, both dark-colored and fair-haired and light-eyed, and 5.1 % belong to sublaponoid types, with weakly expressed Mongoloid features.

From the point of view of genetics, the Chuvash are also an example of a mixed race - 18% of them carry the Slavic haplogroup R1a1, another 18% - Finno-Ugric N, and 12% - Western European R1b. 6% have a Jewish haplogroup J, most likely from the Khazars. The relative majority - 24% - carries haplogroup I, which is characteristic of northern Europe.

Elena Zaitseva

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The population of the republic according to Rosstat is 1,238,071 people. (2015). Population density - 67.50 people/km2 (2015). Urban population - 60,7 % (2015).

  • 1 Population
  • 2 Demographics
  • 3 Age and sex composition
  • 4 Migration
  • 5 National composition
    • 5.1 Chuvash
    • 5.2 Tatars
  • 6 General map
  • 7 Notes

Population

Population
1926 1928 1959 1970 1979 1989 1990
894 479 ↗903 300 ↗1 097 859 ↗1 223 675 ↗1 292 486 ↗1 336 066 ↗1 337 182
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
↗1 339 822 ↗1 344 014 ↗1 347 818 ↘1 345 489 ↘1 345 431 ↘1 343 966 ↘1 341 946
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
↘1 339 194 ↘1 338 819 ↘1 334 219 ↘1 327 743 ↘1 313 754 ↘1 311 737 ↘1 304 984
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
↘1 299 306 ↘1 292 236 ↘1 286 239 ↘1 282 567 ↘1 279 359 ↘1 251 619 ↘1 250 518
2012 2013 2014 2015
↘1 247 012 ↘1 243 431 ↘1 239 984 ↘1 238 071

250 000 500 000 750 000 1 000 000 1 250 000 1 500 000 1928 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Demography

Birth rate (number of births per 1000 population)
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
18,3 ↘18,2 ↘17,3 ↗18,6 ↘15,7 ↘10,2 ↘10,0 ↘9,4 ↗9,8
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
↘8,9 ↗9,1 ↘8,9 ↗9,7 ↗10,1 ↗10,5 ↘10,1 ↗10,3 ↗11,6
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
↗11,7 ↗12,6 ↗12,9 ↗12,9 ↗14,0 ↗14,0 ↘13,9
Mortality (number of deaths per 1000 population)
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
8,9 ↗9,9 ↗10,7 ↘10,6 ↘10,1 ↗13,0 ↘12,4 ↘12,3 ↘11,7
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
↗13,3 ↗13,8 ↗14,1 ↗14,8 ↗15,3 ↘14,9 ↗15,2 ↘14,7 ↘14,5
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
↘14,4 ↘13,7 ↗14,5 ↘13,5 ↘13,3 ↘13,2 ↗13,3
Natural increase in population (per 1000 population, sign (-) means natural loss population)
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
9,4 ↘8,3 ↘6,6 ↗8,0 ↘5,6 ↘-2,8 ↗-2,4 ↘-2,9 ↗-1,9
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
↘-4,4 ↘-4,7 ↘-5,2 ↗-5,1 ↘-5,2 ↗-4,4 ↘-5,1 ↗-4,4 ↗-2,9
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
↗-2,7 ↗-1,1 ↘-1,6 ↗-0,6 ↗0,7 ↗0,8 ↘0,6
at birth (number of years)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
70,3 ↘70,0 ↘69,3 ↘66,9 ↘66,2 ↗66,2 ↗67,2 ↗67,6 ↗68,7
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
↘66,9 ↘66,4 ↘66,0 ↘65,8 ↗65,9 ↗66,3 ↗66,4 ↗67,0 ↗67,4
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
↗67,8 ↗69,0 ↘68,5 ↗69,7 ↗70,3 ↗70,8

Age and sex composition

According to the 2002 census compared to the 1989 census - age structure of the population has changed towards an increase in the proportion of people older than working age (17.6% in 1989 and 19.6% in 2002) and a decrease in people younger than working age (26.9 and 19.9% ​​respectively). The proportion of people of working age increased across the country as a whole from 55.5% in 1989 to 60.3% in 2002.

The gender structure of the population is characterized by a predominance of women, and there is a trend towards a decrease in the proportion of women in the total population. So, according to the 1959 census, this share was 57.3%, and according to the 2002 census - 53.7%. Thus, there is a process of equalizing the ratio of men and women.

Migration

The decrease in the population of Chuvashia is not only due to natural movement(birth and death rates), but also due to population migration. The main regions for the departure of the population of Chuvashia are Moscow and the Moscow region, Tatarstan, the Nizhny Novgorod region, and the Ulyanovsk region.

The national composition of those arriving in Chuvashia from the regions of Russia is characterized by an approximately equal number of Chuvash and Russians. the number of Russians leaving Chuvashia is almost 2 times more than the Chuvash.

National composition

Ethnic map of Chuvashia
1939
people		 % 1959
people		 % 1989
people		 % 2002
people		 %
from
Total		 %
from
indicating-
shih
national
nal-
ness		 2010
people		 %
from
Total		 %
from
indicating-
shih
national
nal-
ness
Total 1076810 100,00 % 1097859 100,00 % 1338023 100,00 % 1313754 100,00 % 1251619 100,00 %
Chuvash 777202 72,18 % 770351 70,17 % 906922 67,78 % 889268 67,69 % 67,87 % 814750 65,10 % 67,70 %
Russians 241386 22,42 % 263692 24,02 % 357120 26,69 % 348515 26,53 % 26,60 % 323274 25,83 % 26,86 %
Tatars 29007 2,69 % 31357 2,86 % 35689 2,67 % 36379 2,77 % 2,78 % 34214 2,73 % 2,84 %
Mordva 22512 2,09 % 23863 2,17 % 18686 1,40 % 15993 1,22 % 1,22 % 13014 1,04 % 1,08 %
Ukrainians 3629 0,34 % 3837 0,35 % 7302 0,55 % 6422 0,49 % 0,49 % 4707 0,38 % 0,39 %
Mari 397 0,04 % 755 0,07 % 3799 0,28 % 3542 0,27 % 0,27 % 3648 0,29 % 0,30 %
Belarusians 648 0,06 % 1113 0,10 % 2198 0,16 % 1881 0,14 % 0,14 % 1417 0,11 % 0,12 %
Armenians 108 0,01 % 142 318 0,02 % 1261 0,10 % 0,10 % 1290 0,10 % 0,11 %
Azerbaijanis 41 0,00 % 181 422 0,03 % 857 0,07 % 0,07 % 891 0,07 % 0,07 %
Tajiks 9 0,00 % 135 0,01 % 383 0,03 % 0,03 % 644 0,05 % 0,05 %
gypsies 42 0,00 % 58 0,01 % 452 0,03 % 701 0,05 % 0,05 % 602 0,05 % 0,05 %
Uzbeks 47 0,00 % 129 210 0,02 % 356 0,03 % 0,03 % 565 0,05 % 0,05 %
Moldovans 15 0,00 % 68 0,01 % 250 0,02 % 359 0,03 % 0,03 % 461 0,04 % 0,04 %
Germans 322 0,03 % 291 0,03 % 376 0,03 % 520 0,04 % 0,04 % 404 0,03 % 0,03 %
Udmurts 66 0,01 % 76 0,01 % 558 0,04 % 453 0,03 % 0,03 % 332 0,03 % 0,03 %
Jews 545 0,05 % 1003 0,09 % 690 0,05 % 393 0,03 % 0,03 % 317 0,03 % 0,03 %
Bashkirs 53 0,00 % 280 0,02 % 318 0,02 % 0,02 % 295 0,02 % 0,02 %
Georgians 100 0,01 % 108 0,01 % 151 0,01 % 405 0,03 % 0,03 % 240 0,02 % 0,02 %
Kazakhs 84 0,01 % 67 0,01 % 194 0,01 % 240 0,02 % 0,02 % 190 0,02 % 0,02 %
Greeks 16 0,00 % 199 0,01 % 200 0,02 % 0,02 % 166 0,01 % 0,01 %
other 513 0,05 % 752 0,07 % 2061 0,15 % 1854 0,14 % 0,14 % 2129 0,17 % 0,18 %
indicated nationality 1076742 99,99 % 1097843 100,00 % 1338012 100,00 % 1310300 99,74 % 100,00 % 1203550 96,16 % 100,00 %
did not indicate nationality 68 0,01 % 16 0,00 % 11 0,00 % 3454 0,26 % 48069 3,84 %

Chuvash

Main article: The resettlement of the Chuvash in Russia

Tatars

Main article: Settlement of Tatars in Russia

Tatars live compactly in Batyrevsky, Kozlovsky, Komsomolsky, Shemurshinsky, Yalchiksky districts. Chuvashia 24 Tatar, 5 mixed settlements. There are 19 schools teaching the Tatar language, 24 mosques (as of 1997). The All-Tatar Public Center of Chuvashia (Cheboksary, since 1992), the Tatar Social and Cultural Center of Chuvashia (village of Shygyrdan, Batyrevsky District, since 1993) are operating. The newspaper "Vakyt (newspaper of Chuvashia)" is published (since 1996). Performers include the Tatar Folk Theater (village of Polevye Bikshiki, Batyrevsky District, since 1965), and the Mishar Folklore Variety Ensemble (village of Urmaevo, Komsomolsky District).

General Map

Map legend (when you hover over the label, the real population is displayed):

Mari El Nizhny Novgorod Region Tatarstan Mordovia Cheboksary Novocheboksarsk Kanash Alatyr Shumerlya Tsivilsk Kugesi Vurnary Kozlovka Yadrin Mariinsky Posad Ibresi Novye Lapsary Poretskoe Urmary Batyrevo Shygyrdan Komsomolskoye Krasnoarmeiskoye Shemursha Novoe Atlashevo Morgaushi Yantikovo Ishlei Alikovo (Alikovsky District) Krasnye Chetai Yalchiki Bolshie Karachura Shorkistry Arabosi Turmyshi Toburdanovo Urmaevo Tarkhany Trekhbaltaevo Suguty Stemasy Outdoor Buinsk Klimovo New Churashevo Kirya Burtasy Kalinino Cherepanovo Tyurlema ​​Churachiki Settlements of Chuvashia

Notes

  1. 1 2 Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015.
  2. Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2015 and 2014 average (published on March 17, 2015)
  3. All-Union census population in 1926. M .: Edition of the Central Statistical Bureau of the USSR, 1928. Volume 9. Table I. Populated places. Cash city and rural population. Retrieved February 7, 2015. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015.
  4. Statistical handbook of the USSR for 1928
  5. All-Union population census of 1959. Retrieved October 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013.
  6. All-Union population census of 1970. The actual population of cities, urban-type settlements, districts and regional centers of the USSR according to the census as of January 15, 1970 in the republics, territories and regions. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013.
  7. All-Union population census of 1979
  8. All-Union population census of 1989. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Permanent population as of January 1 (people) 1990-2010
  10. All-Russian census population in 2002. Volume. 1, table 4. Population of Russia, federal districts, subjects of the Russian Federation, districts, urban settlements, rural settlements - district centers and rural settlements with a population of 3 thousand or more. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
  11. All-Russian population census 2010. The population of urban districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements, settlements of the Chuvash Republic. Retrieved March 23, 2015. Archived from the original on March 23, 2015.
  12. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities. Table 35. Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2014. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014.
  13. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2013. - M.: federal Service state statistics Rosstat, 2013. - 528 p. (Table 33. Population of urban districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements, urban settlements, rural settlements). Retrieved November 16, 2013. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013.
  14. Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
  16. 1 2 3 4
  17. 1 2 3 4
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
  19. 1 2 3 4 4.22. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
  20. 1 2 3 4 4.6. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
  21. birth rates, death rates, natural increase, marriages, divorces for January-December 2011
  22. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2012
  23. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2013
  24. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2014
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
  26. 1 2 3 4 4.22. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
  27. 1 2 3 4 4.6. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
  28. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2011
  29. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2012
  30. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2013
  31. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2014
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Life expectancy at birth, years, year, annual value, total population, both sexes
  33. 1 2 3 Life expectancy at birth
  34. Demoscope. All-Union census of the population of 1939. National composition of the population by regions of Russia: Chuvash ASSR
  35. Demoscope. All-Union population census of 1959. National composition of the population by regions of Russia: Chuvash ASSR
  36. Demoscope. All-Union population census of 1989. National composition of the population by regions of Russia: Chuvash ASSR
  37. All-Russian population census of 2002: Population by nationality and knowledge of the Russian language by subjects of the Russian Federation
  38. Official website of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census
  39. All-Russian population census 2010. Official results with extended lists of national composition population and by region: see
  40. Tatar encyclopedic dictionary. - Kazan, 1999.
Chuvashia

Capital: Cheboksary
Cities: Alatyr | Kanash | Kozlovka | Mariinsky Posad | Novocheboksarsk | Tsivilsk | Shumerlya | Yadrin

Municipal-territorial division:

Districts: Alatyrsky | Alikovsky | Batyrevsky | Wurnar | Ibresinsky | Kanash | Kozlovsky | Komsomol | Red Army | Krasnochetayskiy | Mariinsky Posad | Morgaushsky | Poretsky | Urmar | Tsivilsky | Cheboksary | Shemurshinsky | Shumerlinsky | Yadrinsky | Yalchik | Yantikovskiy

Articles: Geography | Coat of arms | Anthem | History | Population| Administrative-territorial division | Flag

Population of Chuvashia Information About

The Chuvash people are quite numerous, more than 1.4 million people live in Russia alone. Most occupy the territory of the Republic of Chuvashia, the capital of which is the city of Cheboksary. There are representatives of the nationality in other regions of Russia, as well as abroad. A hundred thousand people each live in Bashkiria, Tatarstan and the Ulyanovsk Region, a little less in the Siberian Territories. The appearance of the Chuvash causes a lot of controversy among scientists and geneticists about the origin of this people.

Story

It is believed that the ancestors of the Chuvash were the Bulgars - the tribes of the Turks, who lived from the 4th century BC. on the territory of the modern Urals and in the Black Sea region. The appearance of the Chuvash speaks of their relationship with the ethnic groups of Altai, Central Asia and China. In the XIV century, the Volga Bulgaria ceased to exist, the people moved to the Volga, to the forests near the rivers Sura, Kama, Sviyaga. At first, there was a clear division into several ethnic subgroups, over time it smoothed out. The name "Chuvash" in Russian-language texts has been found since the beginning of the 16th century, it was then that the places where this people lived became part of Russia. Its origin is also associated with the existing Bulgaria. Perhaps it came from the nomadic Suvar tribes, who later merged with the Bulgars. The opinions of scientists were divided in explaining what the word meant: the name of a person, a geographical name, or something else.

ethnic groups

The Chuvash people settled along the banks of the Volga. The ethnic groups living in the upper reaches were called viryal or turi. Now the descendants of these people live in the western part of Chuvashia. Those who settled in the center (anat enchi) are located in the middle of the region, and those who settled in the lower reaches (anatari) occupied the south of the territory. Over time, the differences between sub-ethnic groups became not so noticeable, now they are the people of one republic, people often move, communicate with each other. In the past, the way of life of the lower and upper Chuvashs was very different: they built dwellings in different ways, dressed, and organized life. According to some archaeological finds, it is possible to determine which ethnic group the thing belonged to.

To date, there are 21 districts in the Chuvash Republic, 9 cities. In addition to the capital, Alatyr, Novocheboksarsk, Kanash are among the largest.

External features

Surprisingly, only 10 percent of all representatives of the people are dominated in appearance by the Mongoloid component. Geneticists claim that the race is mixed. Belongs predominantly to the Caucasoid type, which can be said by characteristic features Chuvash appearance. Among the representatives you can meet people with light brown hair and eyes of light shades. There are also individuals with more pronounced Mongoloid features. Geneticists have calculated that the majority of the Chuvashs have a group of haplotypes similar to that characteristic of the inhabitants of countries in northern Europe.

Among other features of the appearance of the Chuvash, it is worth noting short or medium height, stiff hair, darker eye color than Europeans. Naturally curly curls are rare. Representatives of the people often have epicanthus, a special fold at the corners of the eyes, characteristic of Mongoloid faces. The nose is usually short in shape.

Chuvash language

The language remained from the Bulgars, but differs significantly from other Turkic languages. It is still used on the territory of the republic and in nearby areas.

There are several dialects in the Chuvash language. The Turi living in the upper reaches of the Sura, according to the researchers, “okay”. The ethnic subspecies of Anatari placed more emphasis on the letter "y". However, clear distinguishing features this moment missing. The modern language in Chuvashia is rather close to that used by the Turi ethnic group. It has cases, but lacks the category of animation, as well as the gender of nouns.

Until the 10th century, the alphabet was runic. After the reforms, it was replaced by Arabic characters. And since the XVIII century - Cyrillic. Today, the language continues to "live" on the Internet, even a separate section of Wikipedia has appeared, translated into the Chuvash language.

Traditional activities

The people were engaged in agriculture, grew rye, barley and spelt (a kind of wheat). Sometimes peas were sown in the fields. Since ancient times, the Chuvash have bred bees and eat honey. Chuvash women were engaged in weaving and weaving. Especially popular were patterns with a combination of red and white colors on the fabric.

But other bright colors were also common. Men were engaged in carving, carved dishes, furniture from wood, decorated dwellings with platbands and cornices. Mat production was developed. And since the beginning of the last century, Chuvashia has been seriously engaged in the construction of ships, several specialized enterprises have been created. The appearance of the indigenous Chuvash is somewhat different from the appearance of modern representatives of the nationality. Many live in mixed families, create marriages with Russians, Tatars, some even move abroad or to Siberia.

Suits

The appearance of the Chuvash is associated with their traditional types of clothing. Women wore embroidered tunics. From the beginning of the 20th century, grassroots Chuvash women dressed in colorful shirts with assemblies from different fabrics. There was an embroidered apron on the front. Of the ornaments, the Anatari girls wore tevet - a strip of fabric trimmed with coins. They wore special caps on their heads, shaped like a helmet.

Men's pants were called yem. In the cold season, the Chuvash wore footcloths. From footwear, leather boots were considered traditional. There were special outfits worn for the holidays.

Women decorated their clothes with beads and wore rings. From shoes, bast bast shoes were also often used.

original culture

Many songs and fairy tales, elements of folklore remained from the Chuvash culture. It was customary for the people to play instruments on holidays: bubble, harp, drums. Subsequently, a violin and an accordion appeared, and they began to compose new drinking songs. For a long time there have been various legends, which were partly connected with the beliefs of the people. Before joining the territories of Chuvashia to Russia, the population was pagan. They believed in various deities, spiritualized natural phenomena and objects. At a certain time, sacrifices were made, as a token of gratitude or for the sake of a good harvest. The main among other deities was considered the god of Heaven - Tura (otherwise - Thor). The Chuvash deeply honored the memory of their ancestors. The rites of remembrance were strictly observed. On the graves, usually, pillars made of trees of a certain species were installed. Limes were placed for dead women, and oaks for men. Subsequently, most of the population adopted the Orthodox faith. Many customs have changed, some have been lost or forgotten over time.

Holidays

Like other peoples of Russia, Chuvashia had its own holidays. Among them is Akatuy, celebrated in late spring - early summer. It is dedicated to agriculture, the beginning preparatory work to sowing. The duration of the celebration is a week, during this time special ceremonies are performed. Relatives go to visit each other, treat themselves to cheese and a variety of other dishes, beer is pre-brewed from drinks. All together they sing a song about sowing - a kind of hymn, then they pray to the god of Tur for a long time, asking him for a good harvest, the health of family members and profit. Divination is common on the holiday. Children threw an egg into the field and watched whether it broke or remained intact.

Another holiday among the Chuvash was associated with the veneration of the sun. Separately, there were days of commemoration of the dead. Agricultural rituals were also common, when people caused rain or, on the contrary, wished it to stop. Large feasts with games and amusements were held at the wedding.

Dwellings

The Chuvash settled near rivers in small settlements called yals. The layout of the settlement depended on the specific place of residence. On the south side, the houses lined up along the line. And in the center and in the north, a nested type of layout was used. Each family settled in a certain part of the village. Relatives lived nearby, in neighboring houses. Already in the 19th century, wooden buildings began to appear in the style of Russian rural houses. The Chuvashs decorated them with patterns, carvings, and sometimes painting. As a summer kitchen, a special building (las) was used, made of a log house, without a roof and windows. Inside there was an open hearth, on which they were engaged in cooking. Bathhouses were often built near the houses, they were called munches.

Other features of life

Until Christianity became the dominant religion in Chuvashia, polygamy existed on the territory. The custom of levirate also disappeared: the widow was no longer obliged to marry the relatives of her deceased husband. The number of family members was significantly reduced: now it included only spouses and their children. Wives were engaged in all economic affairs, counting and sorting products. The duty of weaving was also assigned to their shoulders.

According to the existing custom, the sons were married early. Daughters, on the contrary, tried to marry later, because often in marriage wives were older than their husbands. The youngest son in the family was appointed heir to the house and property. But the girls also had the right to receive an inheritance.

In the settlements there could be a mixed type of community: for example, Russian-Chuvash or Tatar-Chuvash. In appearance, the Chuvash did not differ strikingly from representatives of other nationalities, therefore they all coexisted quite peacefully.

Food

Due to the fact that animal husbandry in the region was developed to a small extent, plants were mainly used for food. The main dishes of the Chuvash were porridge (spelt or lentil), potatoes (in later centuries), vegetable and green soups. The traditional baked bread was called hura sakar, it was baked on the basis of rye flour. It was considered a woman's duty. Sweets were also widespread: cheesecakes with cottage cheese, sweet cakes, berry pies.

Another traditional dish is khulla. This was the name of the pie in the shape of a circle; fish or meat was used as a filling. The Chuvash people were engaged in cooking various types of sausages for the winter: with blood, stuffed with cereals. Shartan was the name of a type of sausage made from a sheep's stomach. Basically, meat was consumed only on holidays. As for drinks, the Chuvash brewed a special beer. Braga was made from the obtained honey. And later they began to use kvass or tea, which were borrowed from the Russians. Chuvash from the lower reaches often drank koumiss.

For sacrifices, they used a bird that was bred at home, as well as horse meat. On some special holidays, a rooster was slaughtered: for example, when a new family member was born. Even then they made scrambled eggs and omelettes from chicken eggs. These dishes are eaten to this day, and not only by the Chuvash.

Famous representatives of the people

Among the Chuvash with a characteristic appearance, there were also famous personalities.

Near Cheboksary was born Vasily Chapaev, a famous commander in the future. He spent his childhood in a poor peasant family in the village of Budaika. Another famous Chuvash is the poet and writer Mikhail Sespel. He wrote books in his native language, at the same time he was a public figure of the republic. His name is translated into Russian as "Mikhail", but Mishshi sounded in Chuvash. Several monuments and museums were created in memory of the poet.

V.L. is also a native of the republic. Smirnov, a unique personality, an athlete who became the absolute world champion in helicopter sports. The training took place in Novosibirsk and repeatedly confirmed his title. There are also famous artists among the Chuvash: A.A. Kokel received an academic education, wrote many amazing works in charcoal. He spent most of his life in Kharkov, where he taught and was engaged in the development of art education. A popular artist, actor and TV presenter was also born in Chuvashia

Meeting of the head of the Ministry of Culture of Chuvashia and foreign students was held on 2 October. The event was also attended by representatives of the State Drug Control Service of Chuvashia, the Center for Combating Extremism, the Ministry of Education of Chuvashia, the migration service of the republic, as well as educational institutions of Chuvashia. The main topic of the meeting was the discussion of the issue of prevention of extremism and illegal activities among the youth.

As stated at the meeting Today representatives of 128 nationalities and eight ethnic groups live in Chuvashia. There are 28 national-cultural associations in the republic, the Minister of Culture noted, which represent 16 nationalities: Chuvash, Russian, Tatar, Bashkir, Belarusian, Mordovian, Mari, Jews, Germans, Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Uzbeks, Georgians and Tajiks. At the same time, according to the 2010 census, only 67.7% of the population of the republic are Chuvash, another 26.9% are Russians. Tatars make up - 2.8% of the total number of inhabitants of Chuvashia, Mordovians - 1.1%, Mari - 0.4%. The rest of the population - about 2% - other nationalities.

In addition, Chuvashia is annually visited by foreign students to get an education. So, only in two Cheboksary universities more than 300 students are studying, who represent other nationalities: in the Cheboksary State University. I.N. Ulyanova - 62 people from the North Caucasus region, 92 students from Central Asia, 7 students from the Transcaucasus. At ChGPU them. I.Ya.Yakovleva, 136 students from Turkmenistan and 8 people from the North Caucasus are studying.

Despite the fact that, in general, Chuvashia retains an atmosphere of mutual respect and dialogue between believers of different faiths, mutual tolerance of migrants and the local population, the need to prevent extremism and illegal activities among young people, as well as to maintain interethnic and interfaith peace and harmony in Chuvashia still exists.

In this regard, Vadim Efimov emphasized that the creation of a tolerant attitude of different peoples requires mutual efforts. Work in this direction should be carried out not only by the Chuvash authorities and administration, but also by visitors. According to him, they should be ready to accept the culture and customs of the inhabitants of Chuvashia, to take them into account in their daily lives.

In turn, the authorities on the planned on the basis will conduct educational, cultural and sports events aimed at the spiritual and patriotic education of young people, respect for the culture and religions of other peoples. National-cultural centers and religious organizations operating on the territory of the republic will be involved in them. Among them is the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Chuvashia. There is already experience in holding such events, the head of the department emphasized.

In addition, Chuvashia has already created The Council for Nationalities Affairs and the Council for Interaction with Religious Associations, whose activities are aimed specifically at maintaining interethnic and interfaith harmony.




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