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All finished products, as a rule, are handed over to the warehouse on account of a financially responsible person. The exception is large-sized products and products that cannot be delivered to the warehouse for technical reasons and therefore are accepted by the customer organizations at the place of manufacture, assembly and assembly.
Products by type are divided into:
Gross - the total cost of finished finished products developed by the organization for the reporting period;
gross turnover (gross output) - the value of all products, semi-finished products, work performed and services rendered, including work in progress;
realized (sold) - gross output less deductions of finished goods, work in progress, semi-finished products, tools and spare parts of own production;
comparable - products that were produced by the organization in the previous reporting period;
incomparable - products that were produced for the first time in the reporting period.
Evaluation of finished products is currently carried out by:
Actual production cost - represents the sum of all costs associated with the manufacture of products (fully collected only on account 20 “Main production”);
normative or planned production costs - determine and separately take into account deviations of actual production costs for the reporting month from the planned (normative) cost price (deviations are detected on account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”);
accounting prices (wholesale, contractual, etc.) - the difference between the actual cost and the accounting price is separately taken into account. To date, this option for evaluating finished products has been the most common, but now in connection with sharp changes in pricing is less common;
selling prices and tariffs (excluding VAT and sales tax) - has the widest application;
incomplete (reduced) production cost (“direct costing” method) - is determined by actual costs excluding general business expenses.
To account for the availability and movement of finished products, 43 “Finished Products” is intended; the products to be delivered on the spot and not executed by the acceptance certificate remain in the work in progress and are not taken into account on the indicated account.
Synthetic accounting of finished products can be carried out in two versions: without using account 40 “Release of products (works, services)” and using account 40 “Release of products (works, services)”.
In the first case (without account 40), finished products are taken into account on account 43 “Finished products” at the actual production cost. At the same time, analytical accounting individual species finished products are reflected at discount prices, highlighting deviations of the actual cost of the cost of finished goods at discount prices.
Finished products transferred from production to the warehouse are recorded on account 43 “Finished products” at discount prices during the month.
In doing so, make an account:
Dt 43 "Finished products"
At the end of the month, the actual cost of capitalized finished products is calculated and the deviation of the actual cost of production from its value at discount prices is determined.
If the actual cost is greater than the discount price, then make an additional posting:
Dt 43 "Finished products"
Kt 20 "Main production".
When the actual cost of production is less than the discount price, the difference is written off using the “red reversal” method:
Dt 43 "Finished products"
Kt 20 "Main production".
In the case when the finished product is fully used in the organization itself, it is accounted for:
D-10 "Materials", 21 "Semi-finished products of their own production", etc.
Kt 20 "Main production". Account 43 “Finished goods” is not used in this case.
Finished products shipped or delivered locally are written off at discount prices, depending on the accepted method of accounting for the sale of products:
At the end of the month, the deviation of the actual cost of shipped (sold) products from its value at discount prices is determined and this deviation is reflected by additional posting or by the “red reversal” method:
Dt 45 “Goods shipped”, 90 “Sales”, subaccount “Cost of sales”
Kt 43 “Finished products”.
In the second case, when account 40 “Release of products (work, services)” is used to account for production costs, the synthetic accounting of finished products in account 43 “Finished products” is carried out at the normative or planned cost.
When transferring finished products from production to the warehouse within a month, an entry is made:
Dt 43 "Finished products"
At the end of the month, the calculated actual cost of finished goods is written off:
Kt 20 "Main production".
Account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is active-passive. The debit of this account reflects the actual cost of production (works, services), and on a loan - the normative or planned cost. Comparing the debit and credit turnover of account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”, the deviation of the actual cost of production from the normative or planned is determined.
This deviation is written off:
Kt 40 “Release of products (works, services)”.
The excess of the actual cost of production over the normative or planned is written off by additional posting, and the savings are made using the red reversal method. Account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is closed and has no balance at the end of the month.
The following is recorded on the finished (sold) finished products within a month at the standard or planned cost:
Dt 90 "Sales", subaccount "Cost of sales"
Kt 43 “Finished products”
Example. Synthetic accounting of finished products is carried out at the normative (planned) cost price, which is 12,000 rubles. At the end of the month, the actual cost of finished products in the amount of 10,000 rubles was determined. Products were sold within a month.
The following entries were made in accounting:
1. The finished products were capitalized at the warehouse at the normative (planned) cost price - Dt 43 “Finished products”
Kt 40 “Output of products (works, services)” - 12,000 rubles.
2. Written off sold finished products at the standard (planned) cost -
Dt 90 "Sales", subaccount "Cost of sales"
Kt 43 “Finished products” - 12,000 rubles.
3. At the end of the month, the actual production cost of the finished product is written off -
D-40 "Release of products (works, services)"
Kt 20 “Main production” - 10,000 rubles.
4. Written off the deviation of the actual production cost from the standard cost (saving) -
Dt 90 "Sales", subaccount "Cost of sales"
Kt 40 “Output of products (works, services)” - 2,000 rubles. ("Red reversal").
Accounting for finished products
Accounting for finished products is regulated by PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 44n, registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia No. 2806.Organization Order accounting finished products based on PBU 5/01 are determined in guidelines approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 119n, excerpts from which are given in this section.
Finished products - these are products and semi-finished products that are the product of the organization’s production process with complete processing (packaging), meeting applicable standards or approved technical specifications, accepted at the organization’s warehouse or by the customer.
The purpose of accounting for finished products is the timely and complete reflection on the accounts of accounting information on the release and shipment of finished products in the organization.
The main objectives of accounting for finished products are:
Correct and timely documentation of operations for the release, movement and dispensing of finished products in the organization's storage facilities;
control over the safety of finished products in storage and at all stages of movement;
monitoring the implementation of plans for the production and sale of finished products;
timely identification of unclaimed items of finished products with a view to their possible modernization or removal from production;
identification of the profitability of the entire range of finished products.
Finished products released must be transferred to the warehouse to the materially responsible person. Oversized products that cannot be delivered to the warehouse for technical reasons are accepted by the customer’s representative at the place of manufacture (release).
The release of finished products from production is made out by waybills, acceptance certificates, specifications and other primary accounting documents. A warehouse inventory card is started for products received at the warehouse, similar to materials accounting.
Planning and accounting of finished products are in physical and cost terms. If there are no questions with natural indicators, then several methods are used to determine the cost indicators (evaluation of finished products).
Consider the basic methods for assessing finished products:
At actual production cost. This method of evaluating the finished product is used in enterprises with single and small-scale production, as well as in the production of mass products of a small range;
at incomplete (reduced) production costs calculated at direct (actual) costs without general and general production costs. The technique can be applied in similar to the first method of production;
at the normative (planned) cost price. The planned cost is used to evaluate the manufactured nomenclature items of finished products. For the organization of the most informative accounting of finished products, it is recommended to determine the planned cost for each item position. A distinctive feature of this technique is the need to provide a separate account of deviations of the actual production cost of production from the planned or normative. Deviations should also be taken into account in the context of the nomenclature, but deviations can be taken into account for groups of finished products or for the organization as a whole. Thus, accounting for deviations in conjunction with the planned cost price allows you to determine the actual production cost of the finished product. Dignity this method evaluation of finished products is the organization of a unified evaluation system in planning and accounting, the implementation of operational accounting of the movement of finished products, the stability of accounting prices. The application of this assessment option is advisable in industries with mass and serial nature of production and with a large range of finished products;
at negotiated prices, sales prices and other types of prices. Contractual prices are used as solid accounting prices for products. Deviations of the actual production cost of production are taken into account similarly to the previous version of the assessment. The scope of this method for evaluating finished products also coincides with the previous option.
When creating accounting prices for each item, it is advisable to take into account the rule of the correct ratio of production costs, i.e. two nomenclature items with the same actual cost should have the same accounting value. This is necessary for the correct distribution of deviations (deviations are distributed in proportion to the book value) for each item of the manufactured products.
Thus, if accounting prices and deviations from the actual cost are reflected for each item, the use of selling prices as accounting is not entirely correct, because the ratio of sales prices does not always correspond to the ratio of the cost of production (products may have the same selling price and different cost).
The actual cost of finished goods depends on the methods of cost accounting and costing used in the organization.
Synthetic accounting of finished products
To account for the presence and movement of finished goods of a material nature at manufacturing enterprises, an active account 43 “Finished products” is used. Regardless of the assessment methodology, the output (receipt at the warehouse) of finished products manufactured for sale is reflected in the debit of account 43.
This section discusses the accounting of finished products of a material nature.
The output of such products can be divided by the purpose of its use as follows:
Realization of finished products;
general economic use (household equipment);
general industrial use (tools);
use in the further production cycle (semi-finished products).
Accounting schemes depend on the purpose of using the finished product and the valuation methodology used at the enterprise.
If an enterprise manufactures a small assortment of products for its own needs, it is advisable to keep records of incomplete (reduced) production costs and reflect the output (production) of products in the debit of account 10 “Materials” from the credit of expense accounts 23 “Auxiliary production”, 29 “Serving production economy ".
If the company carries out industrial production of a wide range of products for the purpose of their further sale, the active accounting account 43 “Finished products” is used to account for the availability and movement of finished products. Accounting in this case, it is advisable to keep at discount prices (planned cost, contract prices). This is due to the fact that at the time of production and sale of finished products, the actual production cost is still unknown and its calculation, as a rule, occurs in the next month after release (sale).
To reflect the production of finished products at discount prices, an active-passive account 40 “Production, work, services” is used. The output is reflected in the debit of account 43 from the credit of account 40 at discount prices (planned cost). By the time of formation of the actual production cost credit balance account 40 determines the standard cost of finished products. The actual cost is reflected in the debit of account 40 from the credit of accounts for cost accounting 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 29 “Serving production and economy”. Thus, the formed balance of account 40 determines the deviation of the actual production cost of output from the planned cost. The debit balance of account 40 indicates the excess of the actual cost over planned, the credit - the opposite. The deviation value determines the correctness of the methodology for calculating the planned cost of production at the enterprise, and its great value means errors in the planned calculations.
Further, the balance of account 40 is debited to account 43 (credit balance is reversed, debit is reflected in the usual manner). Account 43 should be divided into two subaccounts: 43.1 - finished products at planned cost; 43.2 - deviations of the actual cost from the planned. Organization analytical accounting on account 43 depends on the capabilities of the software used in the organization. If the software allows, on account 43 you can organize analytical accounting for stock items and lots of products. Then the deducted balance of account 40 is distributed according to the batches and nomenclature positions of finished products issued in the reporting period in proportion to the accounting prices. If technical capabilities do not allow, analytical accounting on account 43.2 can be omitted, and the balance of account 40 should be transferred to account 43.2 in one amount. The account 40 has no balance at the end of the month.
If the products released in the reporting period (for the billing month) were sold, partially or completely, the deviations should be redistributed in proportion to the balances and movements of the finished product. Thus, the deviations in the part of the sold products are reflected in the debit of account 90.2 “Cost of sales” from the credit of account 43. The balance of account 43 after the redistribution of deviations reflects the actual production cost of finished goods in the enterprise’s warehouse. In more detail: accounting for finished products.
If the company produces semi-finished products for further use in production processes, the accounting of these semi-finished products is carried out on account 21 "Semi-finished products of own production".
Products not formalized by the acceptance certificate remain as part of work in progress.
Finished Product Manufacturing
Production is the central link of the enterprise in which the final product is created with the desired consumer properties.An industrial enterprise is an independent business entity established in the manner prescribed by law for the production of products, performance of work and the provision of services in order to meet social needs and make a profit. It independently carries out its activities, manages its products, profit, remaining after taxes and other obligatory payments. The relations of the enterprise with other enterprises, organizations, institutions, state and municipal government bodies and citizens are regulated by law. The production process is a set of separate processes carried out to obtain from raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, components of tools, labor and consumer goods, as well as its parts.
Production is engaged in the materialization of scientific developments, the results of discoveries, inventions, the reproduction of material and spiritual wealth. The decisive role of the production of products, goods, and services consists in the most complete satisfaction of the needs of man and society as a whole with high-quality means of production, commodities, and other economic benefits of life support. Normally developing production should increase the pace of production, increase the material well-being of the people.
Production, solving the problem of output, at the same time solves the problem of spiritual goods, the development of the social sphere.
It is customary to attribute to the social sphere economic objects and processes, types of economic activity directly related to the way of life of people, consumption of material and spiritual wealth by the population, satisfaction of the needs of a person, family, collective and society as a whole. These are institutions of culture, medicine, art, science, education, etc., for which production creates a material and technical base.
The needs of people tend to increase the consumption of products in quantitative and qualitative terms, which encourages production to increase the output of products with enhanced consumer properties. Thus, consumption spurs production and excites the entire reproductive cycle, turns simple production into expanded.
The main factors of the continuously repeating process of reproduction of material goods include labor (labor), fixed production assets (fixed capital), material resources, scientific and information potential.
Personnel selection is one of the main problems of successful operation of the enterprise. The fate of the company depends on the quality of their work. The correct selection of employees and subsequently working with them can remove many potential problems and help create a favorable relationship between the leader and the team.
Daily work with personnel in the enterprise consists in assessing the need for personnel, hiring, training, monitoring, evaluating the quality of work of employees, managing them, planning personnel policies, and encouraging good work.
Incorrect determination of the need for personnel or selection of them can lead to their ineffective work, for example, because they are more suitable for another matter. You can recruit employees by acquaintance. This can give more insight into their abilities, attitude towards work, self-discipline, responsibility, loyalty and devotion. When hiring and working with personnel, legal requirements must be observed.
When assessing the quality of staff’s work, it is necessary to analyze their performance over a period, note successes, make comments on identified shortcomings, identify future tasks, give employees the opportunity to speak out based on the results of assessing the quality of their work, discuss any complaints or discipline issues.
Equally important is the choice of partners or business partners. This applies both to their personal qualities and to the assessment of their potential partnership and collectivist qualities in entrepreneurship. Underestimation and reappraisal can lead to the collapse of a case, company, loss of authority or problems with the criminal code.
Relationship with the state, financial system, specific representatives of the executive branch should be built on strict observance of legal norms.
Behavior in entrepreneurship should help to create and maintain their own image, credibility among consumers and business circles, increase the level of reputation of a reliable and honest partner. But it is always necessary to remember about trade secrets.
It is possible to avoid dishonesty of partners and business partners by first finding out information about them, their reputation in the business world, their transactions and transactions. It is equally important to draw up a contract correctly, including sanctions for non-fulfillment of mutual obligations.
Personnel are an essential part of the material and production base. They are directly related to the process of production, constitute industrial production personnel (PPP), which is composed of workers, specialists and maintenance personnel. The bulk of the RFP is workers. Under the influence of scientific and technological progress, structural changes are taking place in the distribution of workers and specialists by industry.
The category of workers includes workers directly involved in the manufacturing process of manufacturing products. In turn, workers are divided into main and auxiliary. The main workers are those who directly carry out manufacturing processes. The auxiliary ones include workers serving the technological processes of the main and auxiliary (manufacturing technological equipment, non-standard equipment, tools, etc.) production, as well as transport workers, electricians, lubricants, tool distributors, workers repairing various equipment.
The category of specialists consists of workers who perform the functions of management, technological and organizational-planning management of production (director, his deputies, shop managers and their deputies, department workers and workshop managers, craftsmen, designers, technologists, economists, planners, standard engineers, etc.), as well as personnel performing the functions of accounting, planning, supply, marketing, staffing, employees of administrative departments, workers engaged in consumer services for all employees (lifters, wardrobes, cleaners, etc.).
Mechanization and automation of production processes, equipment of production with new equipment change the nature of labor and increase the requirements for the qualifications of workers. In conditions market economy staffing requirements are growing. Only those workers and specialists who know their job can find a stable job, conscientiously treat their work, worry not only about their own, but also about the collective final results of the company. Fixed assets play an important role in ensuring the efficient operation of production. These are the means of production, its material basis. The economic essence of fixed assets consists in the fact that they do not lose their properties immediately, but gradually, therefore they completely recover their natural form through a series of production cycles.
The most important role in the production process is played by the means of labor: power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control devices, devices and laboratory equipment, computer equipment, and other machines and equipment. They, acting on the objects of labor, change their natural-material form and properties, ensure the uninterrupted flow of the technological process in regulated parameters. Given the role of machinery, equipment and other of the above tools in the production process, they are called the active part of the production apparatus. The passive part includes buildings, structures, transmission devices, vehicles, since they participate in the production process indirectly. Buildings and structures, for example, create conditions for the effective functioning of active tools.
For accounting and analysis of fixed assets, a system of indicators is used, the most important of which is capital productivity.
Material resources (objects of labor) - raw materials, materials, fuel, all types of energy, etc. - participate in the production cycle once, completely change their material-natural form and immediately completely transfer their value to the finished product. This is what economic substance objects of labor (revolving funds). In the cost of industrial production, revolving funds account for 70-90%. Improving their use can significantly reduce production costs.
Scientific and informational potential. Informational resources include scientific, technical and economic informationused or intended for use in the design of products, scientific and technological preparation of production and in the manufacture of products. Other production resources (objects of labor) may use exchange information, tools - price lists. Sources of scientific and technical information can be patent descriptions, industry scientific and technical journals, reference books, monographs.
Regulatory information is contained in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, bulletins of normative acts of ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, documents of the Customs Cooperation Council, codes of civil and private law of foreign countries, international agreements and conventions, standards, technical requirements and conditions for the products of individual foreign countries.
The constant reproduction of production factors, taking into account the increasing requirements for their consumer value, is the driving force of a developing economy.
Finished products warehouse
Warehouse is one of the indispensable components of any production. The degree of organization of the warehouse directly affects the quality of products. Each enterprise has developed an individual approach to storage. The main functions of the finished goods warehouse (hereinafter referred to as the warehouse) are: reception of finished products by quantity, unloading from transport, storage in accordance with technological, fire-fighting, sanitary-technical and other standards from the moment it arrives at the warehouse until shipment. In addition, the warehouse carries out the selection of products from the storage location and picking it according to consumer properties, destinations based on documents. Also, finished goods are loaded from the warehouse by trunk transport (rail or road).For the finished goods warehouse are characteristic:
Short shelf life of products 1-10 days,
- shipment of goods by rail or road,
- rhythmic receipt of products at the warehouse, through internal transport of the enterprise, for example, such as: floor electric conveyor, overhead or floor conveyor, monorail.
An important role in the reliability of the transportation process is played by close organizational and technological relations of the warehouse with transport organizations. Since, in case of untimely supply of a vehicle for loading, the dispatch of finished products may be delayed. Which, in turn, can lead to a disruption in the delivery time and, if indicated in the contract, the imposition of penalties on the enterprise.
Due to the short shelf life of cargo, it is inappropriate to build warehouses above 8-12 meters and with developed storage areas. Of the greatest importance are the picking and preparation zones for sending transport lots and loading them into road or rail transport.
Warehouses for finished products are created both in the form of separate buildings, and in the complex. Separate warehouses are characteristic for bulk products. In warehouses with several bulk cargoes, separate stacks or other containers are provided, for example, bins, silos, silos for different types of cargoes. It is also possible to install dividing walls separating compartments for storing various goods. Dry mineral fertilizers and chemicals are stored in closed warehouse buildings, for example, from prefabricated reinforced concrete structures.
Sales of finished products
Consider the reflection of the sale of finished products, as the most common operation. The sale of finished products is carried out under a supply contract and is reflected similarly to the operations of the sale of goods.Accounting entries of this business transaction reflect the situation when the transfer of ownership of the finished product from the manufacturer to the buyer occurs at the time of shipment of the product.
Depending on the moment of calculation (payment) by the buyer for the products received, two options for the formation of accounting entries. The first version of the postings reflects the sale of finished products, in which the moment of payment occurs after the moment of shipment of the product. Moreover, the time of payment for products may occur much later than the time of shipment, which will lead to the occurrence of unpaid receivables from the manufacturer.
The second version of the postings reflects the sale of finished products, in which the moment of payment occurs before the shipment of the products. In this situation, the manufacturer has accounts payable to the buyer, which he repays by shipping products.
|
Account Dt |
Score CT |
Wiring Description |
Post Amount |
A document base |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1. Sales of finished products with payment after shipment (transfer) |
||||
|
Cost of finished products |
||||
|
Posting reflects revenue on the sale value of finished products with VAT |
Consignment note (form No. TORG-12) |
|||
|
The transaction reflects the amount of VAT on products sold |
Amount of VAT |
Consignment note (form No. TORG-12) |
||
|
The posting reflects the fact of repayment of debt for shipped products |
Selling value of finished products |
Bank statement |
||
|
2. Sales of finished products on a prepaid basis |
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|
Reflects the buyer’s prepayment for the finished product |
Prepayment amount |
Bank statement |
||
|
VAT is charged on advance payment |
Amount of VAT |
Payment order |
||
|
The posting reflects the shipment of finished products. The amount of cost depends on the methodology for assessing the finished product |
Cost of production |
Consignment note (form No. TORG-12) |
||
|
Reflects revenue on the sale value of finished products with VAT |
Selling value of finished products (amount with VAT) |
Consignment note (form No. TORG-12) |
||
|
Accrued amount of VAT on products sold |
Amount of VAT |
Consignment note (form No. TORG-12) |
||
|
The previously received prepayment is offset against the repayment of debts for shipped products. |
Prepayment amount |
Accounting reference calculation |
||
|
The VAT on the canceled prepayment is read. |
Amount of VAT |
Invoice |
||
Postings reflecting the operations of disposal of finished products under contracts of commission, barter, etc. similar to goods accounting
Cost of finished products
One of the main characteristics that economic analysis uses to identify the effectiveness of the enterprise is the cost of sales and finished products: that is why, knowing that such a cost is especially important.The cost price is the sum of the costs of cash, labor, natural, material resourcesspent on production, sales of products.
Cost includes costs associated with entrepreneurial activity; with the activities of the entrepreneur; with the manufacture and sale of certain products; which are documented.
Cost accounting takes place in the period in which they actually occur. It does not depend on when they will be paid.
Information on the cost of production for analysis can be obtained from the “report on financial results”, as well as from the Appendix to the annual balance sheet of the enterprise.
Cost is:
1. planned and actual, depending on the speed of formation;
2. shop, factory-wide, complete, depending on the inclusion of costs;
3. units or total volume of production, depending on the volume of production.
Methods for calculating the cost of production depends on the level of readiness of the product itself.
As for the object of costing, it is any specific type of product or work, service, all products of the enterprise.
These calculation objects can be measured:
In physical terms: pieces, tons, liters, kilograms, meters, etc .;
- in increased natural units. For example, twenty pairs of shoes;
- in conditional or conditionally natural meters. Here, the ratio of the studied indicator relative to generality is measured: the substance content is relative to one hundred percent of something .;
- in cost meters. For example, the cost of a ruble of finished goods;
- in labor meters, as the norm-hours;
- in conditional meters.
According to the efficiency of control, four types of cost accounting are distinguished: normative, incremental, custom, process.
The normative method involves pre-calculated costing for an individual product, tracking during the month changes in relation to the standard cost, accepting the actual costs and identifying the reasons for the deviation from the standards. After that, the actual cost is determined taking into account deviations from the standards (increase or decrease relative to the planned cost).
The process-based method is used in enterprises where mass production of one or more types of products is carried out, which is characterized by a short process time, in which there is no work in progress. The process-based method consists in the fact that direct and indirect costs for all items of the output of all products are taken into account. The average cost of one unit of product (or service, or work) is calculated by dividing production costs for the entire period (month) by the number of finished products for the same period (month). To effectively control production costs, the production process is divided into separate processes, which is why the method is also process-based. Some types of production are divided into several stages that the raw material goes through before becoming a finished product. Such stages are called redistributions, there may be several. Together they form the manufacturing process. Hence the name of the method - alternate.
The cost object with this method is redistribution. When this method is used, direct costs are referred to the current accounting for redistribution, and not for the category of product, service or work. This methodology is applied, despite the fact that in one redistribution several types of products can be obtained. In most cases, the object of cost accounting distinguish certain types of products or their groups, and not the entire volume of products.
When the order method is used, direct costs are calculated for the calculation items for individual orders. Orders are determined by a specific quantity of products of a certain type. The remaining expenses will be taken into account depending on the place of occurrence, on their purpose (destination), as well as by articles. They are taken into account in the cost of specific orders, according to the selected distribution base. The object of cost accounting for the custom method is a specific production order, after which the actual cost will be formed.
Work in progress includes all costs that occur during the execution of the order until its completion. After registering the order, it is accepted for work, after which numbers are assigned that are registered from the beginning of the year. These numbers will be his code. A copy of the notice that the order was opened is sent to the accounting department. In the accounting department, an accounting card is opened, in which the costs of this order will be recorded.
After production, the order will be closed. After that, the release of materials and the process of payroll to employees are terminated. The actual unit cost of the product will be determined after order completion by dividing the total costs by the number of products manufactured. This method allows you to understand what is the cost in a fairly universal expression.
Finished products
Quantitative accounting of finished products by type and storage location can be organized in two main ways: card and cardless. In the first method, grouping statements for posting products are compiled according to their types and storage locations. In the second method, daily (as a rule, using computers) compile revolving records of accounting for the release from production and the movement of finished products in warehouses and other storage places.The release of products from production both in the first and in the second method is made out by waybills, specifications, acceptance certificates, etc.
The following primary documents are used to account for finished products:
Delivery notes
- acts of acceptance of work (services),
- railway receipts,
- waybills,
- payment requirements-orders.
The production of finished products should be carried out under constant control by the accounting apparatus of the organization, since its uninterrupted flow from the production process implies the timeliness of the contractual relationship with customers, the organization of settlements with the budget, extra-budgetary funds, and employees of the organization.
After the product has passed the last stage of the production cycle, it is considered finished, and if it does not immediately go on sale, it is deposited with the materially responsible person (storekeeper).
The materially responsible person upon receipt of the finished product, signing in the document on the transfer of material assets (acts, invoices, etc.), leaves his second copy. When products are removed from the warehouse, two copies of invoices are drawn up by the accounting department, one of which is at the person who received the products, and the second remains in the warehouse. All movement of finished products should be reflected in the cards of warehouse accounting (f. No. M-17) or, which is more convenient with a large inventory of goods and materials, in the book of warehouse accounting (f. No. M-40). These documents reflect the income, expense and balance of each nomenclature of finished products.
At the end of the month, the financially responsible person draws up and submits to the accounting department a report on the movement of material assets, to which all the primary documents that are reflected in it are attached. Accounting for finished products by a financially responsible person is usually carried out in quantitative terms. The cost and totals are already indicated in the accounting department during processing material reports.
The actual movement of finished products in accounting is taken into account in production reports and reports on the movement of material values, on the basis of which organizations compile a statement of material assets, goods and containers. These statements are used in the future to fill out a journal order No. 10/2.
After reconciling all the data reflected in the primary documentation with the information presented in the accounting registers, the balance sheets are drawn up in the accounting department.
Posting of finished products, depending on their further use, can be done on account 10 “Materials” or on account 43 “Finished products”. At the expense of 10 “Materials” come in the event that it is precisely known about its further use for the needs of the economy. If the direction of use of the product is unknown, and also when the finished product is sent for sale, it is reflected in the active balance sheet account 43 “Finished products”.
PBU 5/01 establishes the rules for the formation of accounting information on finished products of the organization. PBU 5/01 provides for the following areas of evaluation of finished products:
1) evaluation of finished products upon receipt;
2) evaluation of finished products during their release into production, retirement.
The main difficulty associated with taking into account the finished product is due to the fact that when they bring it from the workshop to the warehouse, as a rule, no one knows and cannot know what the production cost of this product cost and, as a result, no one can say what it is actual cost. Therefore, during the reporting period, these products arrive and reflect their movement at accounting (planned or other) prices, and only after the actual cost of production is calculated, the previously recorded accounting estimate of the capitalized and, accordingly, already shipped products is clarified - brought to the actual .
Finished products during the reporting period can be evaluated using one of the following methods:
At actual production or reduced cost;
- according to the planned (normative) production cost;
- at wholesale prices;
- at free selling prices and tariffs including VAT;
- at free market prices.
This method is convenient to use in organizations with a limited range of serial products, when production and sales occur daily. The disadvantage of this method is the inaccuracy in determining production costs until the end of the reporting month.
The advantage of this method is the unity of assessment in the current accounting, in planning and reporting. However, if the planned cost price changes several times during the year, then you have to reevaluate the finished product, which is very time-consuming. If we take into account the commodity output at the average annual planned cost, then the accounting prices do not change during the year, but the cost of finished and sold products in the plan will not correspond to its value indicated in the monthly and quarterly reports.
Accounting for the availability and movement of finished products is carried out, as was noted above, on the active account 43 “Finished products”. This account is used by organizations of material production sectors.
On account 43, finished products can be accounted for both at actual production costs and at standard (planned) costs, including costs associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor, and other costs of production in the production process or at direct costs.
On account 43 "Finished goods" are not taken into account:
The cost of the work performed and the services rendered to the party (in fact, the costs are written off from the accounts of the cost of production directly to account 90 “Sales”);
- products to be delivered to customers on the spot and not executed by an acceptance certificate (remains as part of work in progress);
- finished products purchased for picking (the value of which is not included in the cost of production of the organization) or as goods for sale (goods are kept in the organization on account 41 “Goods”).
The debit of the account reflects the posting of finished goods (from production, return from customers, according to the results of the inventory), for the loan - its write-off as a result of shipment, shortages, and return to production (table 6.1).
When accounting for finished products on account 43 at the actual production cost in analytical accounting, the movement of its individual items can be reflected at accounting prices (planned cost, selling prices, etc.) with the deviation of the actual production cost of products from their value at accounting prices. Such deviations are taken into account for homogeneous groups of finished products that are formed by the organization based on the level of deviations of the actual production cost from the cost at the discount prices of individual products.
When writing off finished products from account 43, the sum of deviations of the actual production cost from the cost at the prices accepted in the analytical accounting related to these products is determined by the percentage calculated based on the ratio of deviations to the balance of finished products at the beginning of the reporting period and deviations for products received at warehouse during the reporting month, to the cost of this product at discount prices.
The deviations of the actual production cost of the finished product from its value at accounting prices related to the shipped and sold products are shown on the credit of account 43 and the debit of the corresponding accounts (45, 76, 79, 90) with an additional or reversal record, depending on whether whether they are cost overruns or savings.
In accounting, the release and sale of finished products can be carried out using (or without using) account 40 “Release of products (work, services)”, which is intended to summarize information about the manufactured products, delivered works and performed services for the reporting period.
Account 40 “Release of products (works, services)” reflects information on products released, works handed over to customers and services rendered for the reporting period, as well as deviations of the actual production cost of these products, works, services from the normative (planned) cost.
Accounting for finished products using this account is carried out at the standard cost. In this case, the finished products actually released and delivered to the warehouse during the month are evaluated at the standard (planned) cost and reflected on the credit of account 40 in correspondence with account 43. The sold products are reflected at the standard (planned) cost on the debit of account 90 and the credit of account 43 .
At the end of the month, account 40 generates information on products released from production (completed works, rendered services) in two estimates:
1) for debit - the actual production cost;
2) for a loan - standard (planned) cost price.
A comparison of the debit and credit turnover on account 40 reveals the deviation of the actual production cost from the standard (planned). The excess of the latter over the actual one is recorded by the reversal record for the debit of account 90 and the credit of account 40. The excess of the actual cost over the standard (planned) is reflected in the debit of account 90 and the credit of account 40 with an additional record.
Thus, the entire amount of deviations in the sale of finished products will be charged to financial results.
Account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is closed monthly and does not have a balance at the reporting date.
If the finished products are kept without the use of account 40, then on account 43 “Finished products” the accounting is carried out at the actual cost. Moreover, in the analytical accounting of account 43 and in storage locations, the availability and movement of finished products are recorded at discount prices (actual cost or standard prices; other options are possible). If standard prices are applied, then to account for deviations of the actual cost of products from their value at discount prices to account 43 “Finished products”, a sub-account “Deviation of the actual cost of finished products from the discount price” is opened. Such deviations are recorded for homogeneous groups of finished products, which are formed by the organization on the basis of the level of deviations of the actual cost at the accepted prices of individual products.
The excess of the actual cost over the recorded value is reflected in the debit of the subaccount and the credit of the cost accounting accounts. If the actual cost is lower than the carrying amount, the difference is reflected in the reversal record.
This method is more suitable for single and small-scale production or for the production of mass products of a small range. In this case, the finished product in the warehouse is reflected on the basis of the cost of raw materials, semi-finished products, energy used in its production, accrued depreciation of equipment, workers' wages, etc. Moreover, the cost of components that are used in the production of products may vary, since prices are constantly growing, so different batches of finished products will be listed in stock at different prices.
Reflection in the accounting of operations for posting finished goods from production to the warehouse in this case, as a rule, does not cause problems - production costs are debited from account 20 “Main production” to account 43. At the same time, general production and general expenses are preliminary written off to account 20. In addition, the account 20 includes the cost of work and services of auxiliary production. In some cases, the cost of the work and services of the service industries and farms recorded in account 29 “Serving production and farms” may also be debited to account 20.
The balance of account 20 after the posting of finished products corresponds to the volume of work in progress.
An important requirement of PBU 1/98 is the requirement of prudence (in theory it is called the principle of conservatism); according to it, the accountant should show "greater readiness for recognition in accounting of expenses and liabilities than possible incomes and assets." This means that if the estimated selling price of the finished product falls below the actual cost, then the evaluation of the finished product must be performed at the selling (current market) prices. In the preparation of the balance sheet, the decrease in the cost of finished goods is reflected in accounting by accruing a reserve for the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” and the credit of account 14 “Reserve for reduction in the value of material assets”.
Subsequently, when the finished product is disposed of or if its current current is increased, the corresponding reserve amount is allocated to increase the financial result for the debit of account 14 and the credit of account 91.
Analytical accounting for account 43 is carried out according to storage locations and certain types of finished products in the context of brands, articles, models and other distinctive features. In addition, records should be kept for enlarged product groups: products of primary production, products made from waste, consumer goods, spare parts, etc.
Finished goods account
Account 43 "Finished products" is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of finished products. This account is used by organizations engaged in industrial, agricultural and other production activities.Finished products purchased for picking (the cost of which is not included in the cost of production of the organization) or as goods for sale are recorded on account 41 “Goods”. The cost of work performed and services rendered on account 43 “Finished products” is not reflected, and the actual costs thereof as they are sold are deducted from the accounts of production costs to account 90 “Sales”.
Acceptance for accounting of finished products manufactured for sale, including products partially intended for the organization’s own needs, is reflected in the debit of account 43 "Finished products" in correspondence with accounts for the accounting of production costs or accounts 40 "Production (works, services). " If the finished product is completely sent for use in the organization itself, then it may not be accounted for on account 43 “Finished products”, but is recorded on account 10 “Materials” and other similar accounts, depending on the purpose of this product.
Upon recognition in accounting of the proceeds from the sale of finished products, its value is deducted from account 43 "Finished products" in the debit of account 90 "Sales".
If the revenue from the sale of shipped products for a certain time cannot be recognized in accounting (for example, when exporting products), then until the recognition of revenue, these products are recorded on account 45 "Goods shipped". In case of its actual shipment, a record is made on the credit of account 43 “Finished goods” in correspondence with account 45 “Goods shipped”.
When accounting for finished products on synthetic account 43 “Finished products” at actual production costs in analytical accounting, the movement of its individual items can be reflected at accounting prices (planned costs, selling prices, etc.) with the deviation of the actual production costs of products from their value at discount prices. Such deviations are taken into account for homogeneous groups of finished products that are formed by the organization based on the level of deviations of the actual production cost from the cost at the discount prices of individual products.
When writing off finished goods from account 43 “Finished goods”, the sum of deviations of the actual production cost from the cost at the prices accepted in the analytical accounting related to these products is determined by the percentage calculated based on the ratio of deviations to the balance of finished goods at the beginning of the reporting period and deviations for products received at the warehouse during the reporting month to the cost of these products at discount prices.
The deviations of the actual production cost of the finished product from its value at accounting prices related to the shipped and sold products are shown on the credit of account 43 “Finished products” and the debit of the respective accounts with an additional or reversal record, depending on whether they represent an overrun or a saving .
Analytical accounting of the account 43 "Finished goods" is carried out according to storage places and certain types of finished goods.
Account 43 "Finished goods" corresponds with the accounts:
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debit |
on loan |
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20 Main production |
10 Materials |
Sale of finished products
Sale of finished products refers to the normal activities of the organization.For accounting purposes, revenue from the sale of finished products is determined on the basis of the assumption of temporary certainty of facts. economic activity (i.e., on an accrual basis).
Finished products are considered to be sold (sold) at the time of their shipment to the buyer and the transfer of ownership of the products to him.
Finished products are sold by organizations at prices including value added tax.
When shipping (dispensing) finished goods, the amounts payable by the buyer are determined, a settlement document is drawn up and presented to him for payment.
The form of settlements for finished products shipped within the territory of the Russian Federation is established by the terms of the contract, however, as a rule, buyers pay for the finished products with payment orders.
When selling finished products, the ultimate goal is to identify the financial result from the operation to sell them on accounting accounts.
The financial result from sales of finished products is monthly revealed on account 90 “Sales”.
This account summarizes information on income and expenses associated with the sale of finished products, and forms a financial result for them.
On account 90 "Sales" are reflected:
Revenue from the sale of finished products (subaccount 90–1 “Revenue”);
cost of finished goods and costs of sale (sub-account 90–2 “Cost of sales”);
value added tax (subaccount 90-3 “Value Added Tax”);
excises - upon sale of excisable products (subaccount 90–4 “Excises”).
To identify the financial result (profit or loss) from the sale of products for the reporting month, subaccount 90–9 “Profit / loss from sales” is used.
The financial result from sales for the reporting month is determined by comparing the total debit turnover for sub-accounts 90–2 “Cost of sales”, 90–3 “Value added tax”, 90–4 “Excise taxes” and credit turnover for the sub-account 90–1 “Revenue”.
This financial result is monthly (in final turnovers) deducted from sub-account 90–9 “Profit / loss from sales” to account 99 “Profit and loss”, where the final financial result from all types of activities of the organization is generated.
In the general case, revenue is accepted for accounting in the amount calculated in monetary terms equal to the amount of receipt of cash and other property and / or the amount of receivables.
If the amount of the receipt covers only part of the revenue, then the revenue accepted for accounting is determined as the sum of the receipt and receivables (in the part not covered by the receipt).
In addition, regulatory following features determination of revenue from the sale of finished products:
When selling products on the terms of a commercial loan provided in the form of deferment and installment payment, the proceeds are taken to accounting in the full amount of receivables;
the amount of receipts and / or receivables under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) by non-monetary means is accepted for accounting at the cost of goods (values) received or receivable by the organization. The value of the goods (values) received or receivable by the organization is determined on the basis of the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the cost of similar goods (values). If it is impossible to establish the value of the goods (valuables) entrusted by the organization, the amount of receipt and / or receivables is determined by the value of the products (goods) transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The cost of the products (goods) transferred or to be transferred by the organization is determined on the basis of the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines revenue in relation to similar products (goods);
the amount of receipts and / or receivables is determined taking into account all the discounts (capes) provided to the organization according to the contract.
Proceeds from the sale of products are recognized in accounting if the following conditions exist:
The organization has the right to receive this revenue arising from a specific contract or otherwise confirmed accordingly;
the amount of revenue can be determined;
there is confidence that as a result of a particular operation the organization will increase its economic benefits (there is confidence that the organization will receive payment in cash or another asset or there is no uncertainty regarding the receipt of payment or asset);
ownership of the product has passed from the organization to the buyer;
expenses that are incurred in connection with the receipt of income from the sale of products can be determined.
If in respect of cash and other assets received by the organization in payment, at least one of the above conditions is not fulfilled, then accounts payable are recognized in the accounting of the organization, and not revenue.
An entity may recognize in accounting revenue from the sale of products with a long manufacturing cycle as the product is ready or upon completion of the production as a whole.
The above norms apply to other ordinary activities of organizations, such as selling goods, performing work or providing services to outside legal entities or individuals.
Subject to all conditions, the proceeds from the sale of finished products are reflected in the debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” and the credit of account 90 “Sales” (subaccount 90–1 “Revenue”).
Along with the formation of receivables for buyers, the following are included in the debit of the sales account:
Actual production cost of the shipped (dispensed) finished products;
value added tax;
sales costs to be debited to the sales account in accordance with the organization’s procedure for distributing sales costs;
The credit or debit balance of the sales account is credited to the financial statement.
The actual cost of finished goods is debited from account 43 “Finished products” to the debit of account 90 “Sales” (subaccount 90–2 “Cost of sales”).
At the same time, the debit of subaccount 90–3 “Value Added Tax” reflects VAT due to be received from the buyer of products.
If there are costs to sell, these amounts are written off in whole or in part to the debit of account 90 “Sales” (subaccount 90–2 “Cost of sales”).
Expenses for transportation of finished products made by third parties that are not payable by buyers of products are deducted from the credit of the settlement account in the debit of account 44 “Sales costs”.
In organizations engaged in industrial and other production activities, during partial deduction, the costs of packaging and transportation are subject to distribution (between separate types of shipped products monthly on the basis of their weight, volume, production cost or other relevant indicators).
All other expenses associated with the sale of products are fully debited monthly.
Depending on the adopted accounting policy, general business expenses reflected on account 26 “General business expenses” can be written off as conditionally constant directly into the debit of account 90 “Sales” (subaccount 90–2 “Cost of sales”).
Receipt of payment from the buyer of products is reflected in the debit of cash accounts, and when fulfilling obligations by non-monetary means - accounts with suppliers and contractors, in correspondence with the credit of the accounts for settlement accounts.
The procedure for the synthetic accounting of transactions for the sale of finished products (as well as goods, works, services) depends on the method of accounting for the sale of products chosen by the organization. Since this procedure is the same for the sale of finished goods, goods, work, services, in the future, when it comes to finished products, this will also mean goods, work, and services.
For organizations performing work or providing services, products shall be recognized as the work (services) performed (provided) by them for other organizations or individuals.
Tax aspects. Unlike accounting for profit tax purposes, organizations can determine the proceeds from the sale of finished products either at the time of shipment of the product and the presentation of settlement documents to the buyer (accrual method), or at the time of payment for the shipped product (cash method).
The chosen method of selling finished products or the procedure for recognizing income from the sale of finished products should be reflected in the accounting policies of the organization for tax purposes.
When choosing the accrual method, income (revenue) is recognized in the reporting (tax) period in which it occurred, regardless of the actual receipt of funds or other property (work, services) in payment for the shipped products.
When choosing the cash method, income (revenue) is recognized after the receipt of funds in bank accounts and / or in cash or after receipt of other property in payment for the shipped products.
Currently, for the purposes of taxation of profits, one main method of recognition of income from sales should be applied - the accrual method.
The exclusive right to use the cash method is only those organizations for which, on average, for four quarters of the reporting year, the proceeds from the sale of products excluding value added tax do not exceed one million rubles for each quarter.
In accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation for organizations that have adopted an accrual recognition procedure for accounting purposes for tax purposes, the date of receipt of income is the date of sale of products (goods, works, services) regardless of the actual receipt of funds or other property (works, services) in their payment.
In accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation for organizations that have adopted the accounting procedure for taxation purposes in accordance with the tax policy, the date of receipt of income is the day of receipt of funds to banks and / or cash registers, receipt of other property (work, services), and also repayment of debt to the organization in a different way.
For purposes tax accounting the costs associated with the sale of finished products are taken into account, that is, they can reduce the tax base when calculating income tax.
In other words, the organization has the right to reduce revenues from the sale of finished products by the amount of expenses directly related to its implementation (sale).
In relation to the finished product, these expenses include the actual cost of its manufacture and the costs associated with its sale (storage, transportation costs, etc.).
Profits from the sale of finished products are subject to income tax in the general manner at a rate of 24%.
Operations for the sale of finished products to customers are subject to value added tax.
The moment of determining the tax base for value added tax is the earliest of the following dates:
Day of shipment (transfer) of finished products (goods, works, services);
day of payment, partial payment on account of the upcoming deliveries of finished products, goods (work, services).
Moreover, if the moment of determining the tax base is the day of payment, partial payment of the upcoming deliveries of finished products, then on the day of shipment of finished products on account of the payment received earlier, of partial payment, the moment of determining the tax base also arises.
In other words, upon any receipt by the organization of payment, partial payment on account of the upcoming deliveries of finished products, the organization is obliged to charge value added tax and pay it to the budget.
Thus, all organizations must use the accrual method (as they are shipped) to determine when to determine the tax base for VAT.
In general the tax base when the organization sells finished products, it is determined as the value of these products, calculated on the basis of prices determined in accordance with Art. 40 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, including excise taxes (for excisable products) and without including VAT.
In accordance with Art. 40 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation for the market price of finished products (goods), the price of finished products (goods) specified by the parties to the transaction is accepted. Unless proven otherwise, it is assumed that this price corresponds to the level of market prices.
When selling products on exchange of goods (barter) operations and selling products on a gratuitous basis, the VAT tax base is also defined as the value of the specified products, calculated on the basis of prices determined in accordance with Art. 40 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, including excise taxes (for excisable products) and without including VAT.
When the finished goods are shipped, the organization issues the invoice in two copies, the original invoice is transmitted to the buyer, and the second copy is registered in the organization’s sales book.
When the finished goods are shipped, VAT accrual is reflected in the debit of account 90 “Sales” (subaccount 90–3 “Value Added Tax”) in correspondence with the credit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” (subaccount 68–1 “Calculations for VAT”) .
For this case, operations for the sale of finished products (when writing off general business expenses as conditionally constant) are reflected in accounting by the following entries:
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Offsetting accounts |
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Reflects the sale value of the shipped products according to settlement documents (including VAT) |
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Reflects the amount of VAT presented to the buyer of finished products |
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Written off the actual cost of shipped finished products |
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Charged to sales |
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Charged as semi-fixed expenses general business expenses |
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Reflected financial result (profit) from the sale of finished products (as part of the final financial result) |
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Payment received for products sold |
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In some cases stipulated by the concluded agreements, the organization may receive advance payment from the buyers, partial payment (advance payment) for the supply of finished products.
In accounting, the amounts of advances received are reflected in the credit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” (for example, sub-account 62–2 “Settlements for advances received”) in correspondence with the debit of cash accounts.
Amounts of advances received are recorded on subaccount 62–2 “Settlements on advances received” until the finished product is shipped to the buyer.
In accordance with paragraph 4 of Art. 164 N of the Russian Federation, upon receipt of payment, partial payment against upcoming deliveries of finished products, the amount of VAT should be determined by the calculation method. In these cases, the tax rate is defined as a percentage tax ratereferred to in paragraph 2 or paragraph 3 of Art. 164 of the Tax Code (respectively 10 and 18 percent), to the tax base, taken as 100 and increased by the corresponding amount of the tax rate. According to Art. 171 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the amount of VAT calculated by the organization from the amounts of payment, partial payment received on account of the upcoming deliveries of finished products is deductible.
The accrual of VAT on advances received is recorded in the debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” (sub-account 62–2 “Settlements on advances received”) in correspondence with account 68 “Settlements for taxes and fees” (sub-account 68– 1 “Calculations of value added tax”).
After the shipment of the finished product and presentation of the settlement documents to the buyer, the advances received are set off in settlements with the buyer of the finished product.
The offset of received advances is reflected in the debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” (subaccount 62–2 “Settlements on advances received”) correspondence with the credit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” (for example, subaccount 62–1 “Settlements with buyers” to pay for products ”).
Simultaneously with offsetting the advance, the amount of VAT previously calculated from the advance received and transferred to the budget can be deducted.
The VAT deduction is reflected in the credit record of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” (sub-account 62–2 “Settlements on advances received”) and the debit of account 68 “Settlements for taxes and fees” (sub-account 68–1 “Settlements for tax on Additional cost").
Upon receipt of advances against upcoming deliveries of finished products, the supplier draws up an invoice, which is recorded in the sales book.
This invoice is the basis for paying VAT to the budget based on the amount of the advance payment received.
Invoices issued and registered by sellers in the sales book upon receipt of advances against upcoming deliveries of products, then when goods are shipped against advances received, they are recorded in the purchase book indicating the corresponding amount of value added tax. The organization may present the amount of VAT indicated in the purchase book for deduction.
Finished product costs
The state regulates the composition and level of expenses included in the cost of production of enterprises, since the profit of the enterprise depends on the amount of costs, and, consequently, the amount of income tax.The following main types of costs are included in the cost of production:
1. the cost of preparation and development of production. These include: the costs of preparing work in the extractive industries (additional exploration of deposits, cleaning the territory, the construction of temporary access roads and roads), the costs of developing new enterprises, workshops, units (the cost of comprehensive testing under load of all equipment). This does not include the costs of preparing and mastering the production of new types of products, new technological processes, individual testing of certain types of machines;
2. costs directly related to the production of products due to the technology and organization of production, including the costs of monitoring production processes and the quality of products;
3. costs associated with inventions and rationalization (experimental and expert work, production of models and samples, organization of exhibitions, contests, payment of royalties);
4. The costs of servicing the production process (ensuring the production of materials, fuel, energy, tools); to maintain fixed assets in working condition; on the implementation of sanitary and hygienic requirements, cleanliness and order at the enterprise, fire and guard;
5. costs to ensure normal working conditions and safety measures (fencing machines, washbasins, shower disinfection chambers, provision of protective devices, protective clothing, etc.);
6. costs for the maintenance and operation of treatment facilities, filters, wastewater treatment;
7. costs associated with the management of production (with the maintenance of the management apparatus, transport services for the activities of management employees, expenses for business trips related to production activities; expenses for the maintenance of computer centers, signaling devices, payment for consultations, informative and audit services, as well as hospitality expenses );
8. costs associated with the training and retraining of personnel (payment of study leave, tuition fees under contracts);
9. payments stipulated by labor legislation for unworked time (vacation pay);
10. deductions to social insurance funds;
11. costs of marketing products (packaging, storage, transportation, advertising costs);
12. depreciation charges.
The Regulation on the composition of the costs of production and sales of products establishes a permanent list of economic elements in the cost of production:
Material costs;
- labor costs;
- deductions for social needs;
- depreciation of fixed assets;
- other expenses.
This list is the main for all PMR enterprises.
Material costs include the cost of raw materials and materials purchased on the side, purchased components, semi-finished products, fuel, purchased energy, natural raw materials (water charges). When determining material costs, it is important to evaluate the used material resources. From the cost of material resources included in the cost, the cost of returnable waste is deducted.
The total amount of the cost elements represents the production cost of production. If you add to it the commercial (non-manufacturing costs), it turns out the full cost of production.
Enterprises can make changes to the industry nomenclature of cost items in order to bring it closer to their own characteristics.
In practice, cost accounting for cost items is carried out for each workshop, for production and for the enterprise as a whole. Cost items compiled and the calculation of the unit cost of production. The resulting amount of costs for each item is divided by the amount of output for the corresponding period and the unit cost is determined by cost items.
More often enterprises produce several types of products. To compile the calculation of the cost of a unit of production (costing), some expenses are included in the cost of production directly (based on primary documents), and some types have to be distributed between products indirectly. The distribution method depends on the content of the expenses to be distributed.
Inclusion of material costs
The release of material resources from the warehouse is drawn up with limit-fence cards, requirements. According to primary documents, the consumption of materials for production is determined. The consumption of materials for production is the amount of materials released from the warehouse minus the return of materials not started by processing at the end of the month in the workshops. For materials that remained in the workshops at the end of the month not started for processing, an invoice for internal movement (return) on the last day of the month (D 10 - K 20) is drawn up. At the same time, a requirement is drawn up for the release of materials from the warehouse on the first day of the new month for which the materials are written off (D 20 - K 10).
Based on the primary documents on the consumption of materials, a statement of the distribution of materials in the directions of consumption is compiled. If materials are accounted for at discount prices, then a separate column shows the deviations of the actual cost of accounting prices.
When writing off materials used for production purposes, they are subject to distribution among the costing objects. The order of distribution of materials by type of product depends on the role that materials play in the process.
The basic materials used constitute direct costs and are accounted for by type of product on the basis of primary documents on their release into production. However, in some cases, several types of products are produced from the same material. In these cases, the need arises for the indirect distribution of basic materials by type of product. The following methods may be used for this.
The distribution of the actual costs of materials is proportional to their standard costs.
Standard consumption for actual production \u003d actual production * rate of consumption of material per product.
Actual flow rate \u003d actual flow / standard flow. Further, the standard consumption is adjusted for the coefficient obtained for each product. This method is usually used under relatively uniform production conditions.
In proportion to the consumption ratios of materials, when the consumption for one type of product is taken per unit, and for the remaining types of products constant conversion factors are established, which are defined as the ratio of the consumption of materials for this product to the consumption for the product accepted per unit. The actual output is translated into coefficient units (output multiplied by the consumption coefficient for each product), and the ratio of the actual consumption of materials to output into coefficient products. The conditional release on products is multiplied by the coefficient of material consumption.
Proportional to the quantity or weight of output. So, in the textile industry, the amount of cotton used is distributed by type of yarn produced from it in proportion to its weight.
When turning on the flow of auxiliary materials, a direct and indirect path is also used. Indirect distribution is carried out in proportion to the estimated rates per unit of production, in proportion to the mass of finished products received, the number of machine hours spent on processing each type of product.
Finished Product Cost
Average values \u200b\u200bare used in economics for ease of calculation. With their help, calculations are made that save the time of accountants through the use of indicators reflecting fluctuations of set values \u200b\u200bwith varying degrees of accuracy. To determine average prices, the most often used formulas are arithmetic mean, arithmetic mean weighted and average harmonic values.The most common type of average price is the arithmetic average. It is used in the case when you need to calculate the average term in the total data. To find the price using the arithmetic mean, sum all the prices used and divide the amount by their total number. For example, you sold goods packaged in boxes. Box prices are different. The total number of boxes is 5. The task is to find the average price of one box. Use the formula: Price (sr) \u003d (10 + 15 + 10 + 25 + 15) / 5 \u003d 15 (rubles).
When it comes to selling a homogeneous product at different prices and with a different number of lots, obviously, the arithmetic average will not reflect real prices. In this case, use the arithmetic mean weighted value. It allows you to determine the price through the ratio of the total amount of goods sold to their quantity. For example, you sold different batches of products at different prices: 10 units. - 15 rubles; 15 units. - 10 rubles; 25 units. - 20 rubles each The task is to find the average price of one unit of production. Determine total sales: 10? 15 + 15? 10 + 25? 20 \u003d 800 (rubles). The total number of units sold - 50 - is known. Use the formula: Price (compare ar.vz.) \u003d 800/50 \u003d 16 (rub.).
If you need to calculate the average price for a heterogeneous product of varying value, use the average harmonic value. It is also calculated as the ratio of sales to the number of goods sold. However, it allows you to take into account the difference in the cost of each type of product. For example, you sold three different lots of goods at different prices: Product A, worth 50 rubles. per unit for 500 rubles; Product B - 40 rubles. - 600 rubles; Product B - 60 rubles. - for 1200 rubles. Use the formula: Price (cf. harmon) \u003d (500 + 600 + 1200) / (500/50) + (600/40) + (1200/60) \u003d 51.11 (rubles).
Finished product magazine
Accounting for the movement of finished products consists of two stages:Receipt of finished products to the warehouse;
- The release of finished products from the warehouse to buyers (customers) in the sales order or at its other disposal.
As a rule, all finished products should be delivered to the finished goods warehouse. An exception is allowed for large-sized products and other products whose delivery to the warehouse is difficult for technical reasons. They can be taken by the representative of the buyer (customer) at the place of manufacture, assembly or assembly, or shipped directly from these places.
The unified forms of the primary accounting documentation provide an invoice for the transfer of finished products to storage (form No. MX-18), which is used to record the transfer of finished products from production to storage. The invoice is drawn up in duplicate by the financially responsible person of the structural unit that handles the finished product. One copy serves the dealer structural unit (shop, site, team) the basis for writing off products (values), and the second - to the receiving warehouse (shop, site, team) for posting products (values). The invoice is signed by the financially responsible person of the sender and receiver and is handed over to the accounting department to record the movement of products.
In addition, the delivery of products from production to the warehouse can be made out with delivery notes, acts, specifications or other documents that are issued in the shops in duplicate. The consignment shop, consignee, name and item number of the product, date of delivery and quantity of delivered products are indicated on the invoice. An invoice may be drawn up in a day or in a few days. The invoice calculates the number of delivered products for each item, indicates the discount price per unit of production and the cost of manufactured products at discount prices. The invoice is signed by the representative of the commissioning workshop, the receiving warehouse and the technical control department. One copy is handed over to the storekeeper, and the other with a receipt on the receipt of products remains in the shop. A statement of the laboratory or the technical control department on the quality of the manufactured products may be attached to the delivery note, or a note about this is done directly on the delivery note.
Along with invoices or acts of acceptance, accumulative statements are used that are written out for each product name. The accumulative sheet reflects all operations for the delivery of products per month. Such accounting facilitates control over the release of products, reduces the number of primary documents. All primary documents developed by the enterprise must have the required details and must be approved in the accounting policy of the enterprise.
The release of finished products to buyers (customers) is carried out in organizations on the basis of the relevant primary accounting documents - invoices. As the standard form of the consignment note, form No. M-15 "Consignment note for the issue of materials to the side" may be used. The basis for issuing an invoice for the release of finished products at the warehouse is the order of the head of the organization or his authorized representative, as well as an agreement with the buyer (customer).
The invoice should be issued in the number of copies sufficient to monitor the shipment (export) of finished products.
For this purpose, the scheme of movement of primary accounting documents proposed for large and medium-sized organizations by the Methodological guidelines for accounting of inventories No. 119n can be used:
In the finished goods warehouse the invoice is issued in four copies;
- All four copies are handed over to the accounting department for registration in the register of sales invoices for finished goods and signed by the chief accountant;
- The invoices are returned to the sales department, where one copy remains with the financially responsible person, the second serves to issue the invoice, the third and fourth are transferred to the recipient;
- When exporting finished products through a checkpoint, one copy remains in the security service;
- The security service registers invoices in the registration journal and transfers them to accounting service according to the inventory;
- The accounting systematically carries out the reconciliation of data on products sold with data on their actual export.
On the basis of invoices for the release of finished products, works and services and other similar primary accounting documents, the organization (usually the sales department) issues invoices in the established form in two copies, the first of which no later than 10 days from the date of shipment of the products, works and services are sent (transferred) to the buyer, and the second remains with the supplier organization for reflection in the sales book and the calculation of value added tax.
Sellers keep a register of invoices issued to customers, in which their second copies are stored in chronological order, and a sales book intended for registering invoices drawn up by the seller during transactions.
When concluding an agreement between the supplier and the buyer, a reservation is made on the ex-place to which all the costs of shipping the products are borne by the supplier.
The following types are distinguished:
The supplier’s ex-warehouse, when all costs associated with the shipment, the supplier includes in the payment request (the cost of loading and unloading in the warehouse, at the station railroad, transportation cost and railway tariff);
- ex-departure station - the supplier includes the railway tariff and the cost of loading products into the wagons in the payment request;
- ex-wagon destination station - the supplier includes in the payment request only the amount of the railway tariff;
- ex-destination station - all shipping costs, including the railway tariff, are paid by the supplier;
- ex-buyer's warehouse - in addition to the specified costs, the supplier pays for loading and unloading at the buyer's station, in his warehouse and the cost of transportation to his warehouse, etc.
The most common form of payment in our country is the ex-wagon departure station. Payment documents for shipped products must be submitted to the bank, to request payment from the buyer, within three days from the date of shipment. In this case, they will be accepted in providing loans for settlement documents on the way, i.e. the supplier, without waiting for payment from the buyer, can begin a new business cycle (acquire material valuespay off workers and employees, repair equipment, create products, etc.) at the expense of bank loans (loans for settlement documents on the way). The loan term is equal to double the time of document flow from the supplier’s bank to the buyer’s bank, plus the time for processing documents and acceptance. The loan amount is equal to the amount of payment documents presented for payment minus non-credited items (VAT and profit), which are transferred to the budget and spent (profit) as payment for the products is received on the account of the company. As the maturity date of loans for settlement documents in transit, the bank writes off their amounts from the settlement account of the enterprise. Payment claims are submitted to the bank at the register.
Finished Product Price
Since finished products are reflected in the balance sheet at production costs (planned or actual - it does not play a role), sales and management expenses are monthly charged to sales costs. There is no alternative to this option. However, it is provided for in PBU 10/99 (para. 2 p. 9) and is suitable for accountants.So, over the course of a month, we can come and ship finished products at planned prices, and take into account production costs in the usual way - as they arise in actual amounts (based on primary documents).
At the end of the month, you need to display the real financial result. It is determined by the actual costs of products sold. Meanwhile, this value cannot be determined without taking into account the costs "settled" in work in progress.
Recall that work in progress is understood to mean products that did not pass all the stages (phases, redistributions) stipulated by the technological process, as well as incomplete products that did not pass the tests and technical acceptance (paragraph 63 of the PVBU).
Work in progress in mass and mass production can be reflected in the balance sheet (para. 64 PVBU):
At actual production cost;
at the standard (planned) production cost;
for direct cost items;
at the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products.
The accounting of products at the planned production cost is carried out using account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”.
Finished product control
The control of finished products carried out by controllers - employees of the technical control department, differs from the control performed by any other departments of the plant in that it is decisive: products accepted by the technical control department are considered suitable, not accepted - subject to, depending on the degree of non-compliance with the technical conditions, processing or rejection. The decisions of the technical control department regarding the suitability or unsuitability of the finished product are final and cannot be canceled.Control of finished products is the final step in technical control. About 25% of control service employees are employed by this type.
The control of finished products is carried out as follows: the OTK sampler takes a sample, writes the main data to the journal and writes out a passport for the finished product. Together with the sample, the passport goes to the OTC laboratory, where the analysis is performed. The executed document is sent to the workshop and to the sales department. Only after that the products can be sent to another company. This technology of paperwork is carried out at enterprises manufacturing products in bulk quantities.
Control of finished products is carried out by the quality department of the plant.
After controlling the finished product - conducting all types of tests for a given grade of steel (alloy) - the certificate is approved by the responsible employee of the technical control department.
The finished product control group carries out sampling, checks the quality of packaging, labeling and storage conditions of products in the warehouses of the enterprise until it is shipped.
When monitoring the finished product, it is necessary to unambiguously determine such data as the sample size, test time and acceptance (or reject) number sufficient to obtain information about the reliability of the entire batch. The totality of these data makes up a control plan, for the formation of which, as a rule, special tables and graphs are used. When planning the tests, only the interests of the customers or the interests of the supplier and the customer are taken into account. Planning for a guaranteed level of reliability (for example, for the minimum probability of failure-free operation PZ) is used inside industrial suppliers to confirm the production reliability of products to customer requirements. In this case, only the interests of the customer are taken into account, who are guaranteed with confidence probability Р - р, that in the adopted batch the reliability of the products is not worse than the rejection level.
When controlling the finished product by a quantitative characteristic, one or more quantitative parameters are determined for each product being tested. The result of the control depends on the statistical characteristics of the distribution of these parameters.
Acceptance control - control of finished products, the results of which decide on its suitability for delivery and use.
Acceptance control - control of the finished product after completion of all technological operations, the results of which decide on the suitability of the product for delivery or use.
Acceptance control is called the control of finished products, the results of which decide on its suitability for supply and use. In conditions of mass production, acceptance control is assigned to the most qualified quality controllers, who check the most important parameters of the finished product and enter the results of the control into the passport of each finished product.
Acceptance control - control of finished products carried out by the acceptance authorities.
Acceptance control - control of finished products carried out by acceptance bodies.
All SOPs for the control of finished products undergo a metrological examination and are approved by the ISO Central Research Institute, after which they are entered in the industry registry of standard enterprises.
Types of finished products
Finished products - the final product of the production process of the enterprise. These are products and products manufactured at this enterprise, fully equipped, delivered to the warehouse of the enterprise in accordance with the approved procedure for their acceptance and ready for sale.Finished products are part of inventories intended for sale (the final result of the production cycle, assets completed by processing (packaging), the technical and quality characteristics of which correspond to the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents, in cases established by law).
The goods are part of inventories acquired or received from other legal or natural persons and intended for sale.
The movement of finished products includes the main stages:
Receipt of finished products to the warehouse;
- shipment (vacation) of finished products and goods to buyers (customers) in the order of sale (sale) or at their other disposal.
The accounting unit for finished products is selected by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these stocks, as well as proper control over their availability and movement. Finished products, as a rule, should be handed over from production to a warehouse on account of a financially responsible person.
Oversized products and products that cannot be delivered to the warehouse for technical reasons are accepted by the customer's representative at the place of manufacture, assembly and assembly.
Planning and accounting of finished products are in kind, conditionally-natural and value indicators.
Conditionally-natural indicators are used to obtain generalized data on homogeneous products. For example, the amount of canned produce can be accounted for in conditional banks.
The movement of goods in trade organizations includes two stages:
1) the receipt of goods by purchasing them from suppliers;
2) sale of goods to customers - legal entities and individuals.
The unit of accounting for goods intended for subsequent resale may be batches, nomenclature units.
The main tasks of accounting for finished products and goods are:
A) the formation of the actual cost of finished goods;
b) the correct and timely documentation of operations and the provision of reliable data on the receipt and release of finished products and goods;
c) control over the safety of finished products and goods in places of their storage (operation) and at all stages of their movement;
d) monitoring compliance with the standards established by the organization for the production of finished products, ensuring its uninterrupted production, performance of work and the provision of services;
e) timely identification of unnecessary and excessive stocks of finished products and goods with a view to their possible sale or to identify other possibilities for involving them in circulation;
e) conducting a performance analysis inventory and stocks of finished goods.
The basis of the organization of accounting of finished products and goods are the following basic requirements:
Continuous, continuous and complete reflection of the movement (income, expense, movement) of these stocks;
- accounting for the quantity and valuation of goods and finished products;
- efficiency (timeliness) of inventory accounting;
- reliability;
- the correspondence of synthetic accounting to the data of analytical accounting at the beginning of each month (in terms of turnover and balances);
- compliance of data from warehouse accounting and operational accounting of stock movements in the organization’s divisions with accounting data.
Finished Product Analysis
Finished products are those that have undergone complete processing, assembly and staffing, meet the requirements of standards, the terms of the contract, accepted by the technical control department and delivered to the finished goods warehouse or transferred to the buyer. Finished products may include parts, assemblies, and semi-finished products if they are sent to customers as spare parts or components.Products that have not undergone all the processing operations or are incomplete, and also that are not delivered to the warehouse, are registered as a work in progress.
The volume of proceeds from the sale of products, work performed and services rendered is the most important indicator characterizing the production and financial activities of a commercial organization and an industrial enterprise.
The sale of products completes the circulation of funds of the organization (enterprise), as a result of which the opportunity arises to make payment for the acquired property, raw materials and materials, to pay employees for wages, with the budget for taxes and fees, for payments to extra-budgetary funds, with the bank for loans. The sale of products, works and services should ensure not only reimbursement of expenses on production and marketing, but also profit, one of the most important sources of expanding production, updating, modernizing and reconstructing fixed assets, and increasing output.
Products, works and services are recognized as sold upon the transfer of ownership of them from seller to buyer, from producer to consumer. From this moment, their value is recognized as income and is included in the revenue.
In accounting, revenue is taken in the amount calculated in monetary terms equal to the amount of receipt of cash and other property, as well as the amount of receivables arising from the transfer of products, works, services to a buyer or consumer.
For accounting purposes, revenue is recognized when the following conditions are met: the organization has the right to receive this revenue in accordance with a specific sales contract or other justification; the amount of revenue can be determined; there is confidence that as a result of a particular operation there will be an increase in funds or economic benefits; the right of ownership (possession, use and disposal) of the product has passed from the manufacturer to the buyer, the work has been accepted by the customer, the service has been provided to a specific organization or individual; the costs incurred for this operation can be determined.
Payment for products, work, services can be made in cash, currency or other property (raw materials, materials, goods, etc.). The proceeds from the sale are reflected in accounting on the basis of settlement and payment documents (payment orders, payment claims, cash receipts, waybills, etc.).
According to the shipping and settlement documents, the volume of sales proceeds is determined, which includes the cost of shipped (or paid) products and semi-finished products of own production to other organizations, work performed and services rendered for customers, finished products and semi-finished products delivered to their serving industries and enterprises. If the products (products, semi-finished products) are consumed in the main production, then their value is not included in the proceeds of the sale. The amount of revenue as an indicator is used in management when conducting an analysis of the organization, developing a business plan, and taxing it.
In accounting, products are reflected in natural units, conditionally natural units and in value terms. Pieces, liters, tons, etc. are used as natural units of measurement. With their help, analytical accounting is carried out and the quantity, volume and mass of products are calculated by its types, grades, sizes, etc.
Along with natural ones, a number of industries use conditionally-natural meters to obtain generalized data on the production of homogeneous products. Recalculation of products into conditionally-natural meters is carried out using coefficients calculated depending on the content of the useful substance in the products, the duration of the production cycle, the complexity of their manufacture, etc. Conditionally - natural units are used, for example, in ferrous metallurgy (conversion of all smelted pig iron to pig iron), in canneries (output in thousands of conditional cans), in the chemical industry (weight or volume units in kind without indicating the content of the useful substance).
Along with natural, conditionally - natural meters, a cost meter is used. Using a cost meter, analytical and synthetic accounting is carried out, indicators of output, the volume of revenue and the financial result from the sale of products are determined. In the formation of cost indicators, products are evaluated at the normative (planned) and actual costs, at selling prices.
An important prerequisite for the proper organization of synthetic and analytical accounting for the release, sale and storage of products in a warehouse, as well as the calculation of financial results, is the availability of a nomenclature - a price tag.
Nomenclature - price tag - this is a list of products (products). It is developed by the organization itself. When developing it, the classification of products (products) according to certain criteria (purpose, model, article, brand, grade, etc.) is taken as a basis. In accordance with this, the number of digits in the stock number is set. In the nomenclature - price list the item number, the name of the product (s), their characteristics, unit of measure and discount price are indicated. The standard (planned) cost price or the selling price is used as the accounting price. When using computers in the organization, in addition to the nomenclature - the price tag, directories are compiled with an expanded list of signs on the products and customer data. In particular, the following attributes are included in the directory along with the item numbers: non-taxable and taxable products, tax rates, etc. Based on such lists, information is produced on the output of the main production, auxiliary workshops, serving farms, individual shops and sections, etc. .
The release and sale of finished products, work performed and services rendered on synthetic accounts are recorded at the actual cost of their production.
In current accounting, products, works, services can be evaluated:
At actual production cost. This assessment method is used in industries that produce products or perform work on individual orders. The actual cost of each product, type of work is determined as they are completed, which allows the use of this assessment;
- at the normative (planned) cost price. With this method of evaluation, at the end of the month, deviations of the actual cost from the normative (planned) are revealed, which are separately recorded in analytical accounting. This assessment method is possible when the organization uses the normative method of cost accounting and costing of production costs, in the presence of planned cost estimates;
- at selling prices for products and tariffs for work (services). In this case, at the end of the reporting period, the difference between the cost of products (work, services) at selling prices (tariffs) and its actual cost, which, like the deviations from the previous valuation method, is also shown in analytical accounting separately;
- for direct items of expenditure (at reduced cost). With this assessment method, everything indirect costs written off directly to products sold.
When using the standard (planned) cost or sales prices in current accounting, it becomes necessary to identify and distribute the indicated cost deviations (differences) between the shipped, sold products and their balances in the warehouse and in shipment.
Deviations (difference) are detected by products released from production by comparing their actual cost with the standard (planned) cost or cost at selling prices. Between the shipped (sold) products for the month and its balances at the end of the reporting period in the warehouse (in shipment), they are distributed according to the weighted average percentage, calculated as the ratio of the actual cost of the balance of products at the beginning of the month (in stock, in shipment) and products released (shipped) sold) in a given month, to the cost of the same volume of products at the standard (planned) cost or at selling prices.
The calculation is carried out in the context of individual groups of products. In analytical accounting, the deviations (difference) are added to the standard (planned) cost or to the cost at selling prices, as a result of which the actual cost is determined. On synthetic accounts, their positive value (excess of the actual cost over the standard (planned) cost or cost at selling prices) is reflected in the usual, additional record, and negative - in the “red reversal” method.
Sale of products (works, services) is carried out: at free selling prices and tariffs increased by the amount of value added tax (VAT), at state regulated wholesale prices (tariffs) increased by the amount of VAT, and at state regulated retail prices, including VAT . For excisable products, excise duty is added to the sale value, and when selling it for cash, it is also subject to sales tax.
Free selling prices are negotiated by the parties to the transaction, i.e. seller and buyer, and are fixed in the contract of sale. Free negotiated prices are checked if necessary tax authorities. Prices may be inspected if they deviate by more than 20% from the level of market prices for identical products, prices under contracts concluded between interdependent organizations, for exchange operations and foreign trade transactions.
The prices indicated in the contract are checked:
Based on documented information obtained from official sources about market prices. Official sources include information on stock quotes and market prices published in print government bodies on statistics and pricing regulatory bodies, as well as the opinions of experts eligible to carry out valuation activities;
- the method of subsequent sale prices. With this method, the price of the subsequent sale of products is taken as a basis. This method is used when there are no transactions on the market for identical or similar goods;
- the costly method, in which the market price is calculated as the sum of the costs incurred and ordinary profit for this field of activity. The usual profit margin is equal to the level of profitability prevailing for similar products. Information on the level of profitability is provided by statistics and pricing authorities.
The tasks of accounting for output and sales include:
Control over the timely and correct execution of primary documents for the release and shipment of products;
- timely statement and provision to the buyer and the bank of settlement and payment documents;
- providing the heads of the organization and relevant departments with information on the availability and movement of products in order to control the timely posting and shipment, as well as the safety of the finished product;
- control over the timely receipt of funds from the sale of products, reconciliation of mutual settlements with customers.
A very important task for each organization is maintaining, along with accounting, operational accounting of the release, shipment and sale of products.
Valuation of finished products
Finished products in accounting can be evaluated using one of the following methods:At actual production or reduced cost;
according to the planned (normative) production cost;
at wholesale prices;
at free selling prices and tariffs including VAT;
at free market prices.
Estimation of the actual production cost involves accounting for the sum of all costs of production. Reduced cost accounting excludes general expenses.
This method is convenient to use in enterprises with a limited range of serial products, when production and sales occur daily. The disadvantage of this method is the inaccuracy in determining production costs until the end of the reporting month.
When using the planned (normative) production cost to evaluate the finished product, deviations of the actual production cost for the reporting period from the accounting price are determined and separately taken into account, i.e. planned (normative) cost.
The advantage of this method is the unity of assessment in the current accounting, in planning and reporting. However, if the planned cost price changes several times during the year, then you have to reevaluate the finished product, which is very time-consuming. If we take into account the commodity output at the average annual planned cost, then the accounting prices do not change during the year, but the cost of finished and sold products in the plan will not correspond to monthly and quarterly reports.
When assessing at wholesale prices, the difference between the actual cost and the wholesale price of sales is taken into account separately. The advantages of this method are manifested at relatively stable wholesale prices. It makes it possible to compare product estimates in current accounting and reporting, which is important for monitoring the correct determination of the volume of commodity output.
The valuation at free selling prices and tariffs including VAT is used when performing single orders and works. With this assessment option, it is necessary to separately consider the amount of value added tax.
At free market prices, finished products sold through the retail chain are evaluated.
When using all of the above methods for evaluating finished products, with the exception of evaluating the actual production or reduced cost, it becomes necessary to calculate the deviations of the commodity output in accounting prices from its actual cost. This allows, regardless of the valuation method in current accounting, to determine the actual cost of sales of products released in a given month, as well as its inventory balances by the end of the month.
Calculation is usually based on the weighted average percentage calculated as the ratio of the actual cost of the balance of products released in a given month to the cost of the same volume of products at discount prices.
The weighted average ratio of the actual production cost to the cost of production at discount prices is calculated by the formula:
To b \u003d (p 1 * q 1 + p 2 * q 2 + ... pn * qn) / (p 1 * k 1 + p 2 * k 2 + ... pn * kn), where p 1, p 2, ... pn - the amount of the balance in the warehouse and finished products received during the month (by type of product);
q is the actual production cost of the balance and each group of finished products received;
k is the unit price of production
Balance of finished products
The balances of finished products in the warehouse at the end of the planning period are determined on the basis of the need to accumulate them to fulfill contractual obligations, the validity of which is outside the planned period, conditions of sale and other reasons.When planning revenue, only finished products in the enterprise’s warehouse are unrealized. Shipped products are considered sold, and therefore paid for in the near future. In practice, unfortunately, another situation is more likely - a long period of settlements or non-payment from the buyer of products, which entails an increase in receivables. In this regard, according to P (s) BU 10 “Accounts Receivable”, revenue from sales of products is not adjusted for the amount of doubtful accounts receivable. For this purpose, the enterprise current accounts receivable include in the total balance sheet at net realizable value. To determine the net realizable value at the balance sheet date, the allowance for doubtful debts is calculated.
So, are included in the WIP (clause 1 of Article 319 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):
Completed but not accepted by the customer work and services;
- balances of outstanding orders of production;
- the remains of semi-finished products of own production;
- materials and semi-finished products that are in production, provided that they have been processed.
The organization makes the assessment of the balances of the work in progress at the end of the month.
For this you need to use the data:
Primary accounting documents on the movement and on the balances (in quantitative terms) of raw materials and finished products in workshops (industries and other production units);
- tax accounting on the amount of direct expenses that you incurred this month.
At the end of the current month, you include the amount of NZP balances in the direct expenses of the next month. At the end of the tax period, the amount of the wage balance at the end of the tax period is included in the direct expenses of the next tax period.
You can independently determine the procedure for the distribution of direct costs to the wages and salaries and to the products manufactured in the current month (work performed, services rendered) (Article 319 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
However, the following conditions must be considered:
1) the costs incurred must correspond to the manufactured products (work performed, services rendered). If it is impossible to attribute direct costs to a specific production process for the production of this type of product (work, service), then you should determine in the accounting policy a mechanism for the distribution of such costs using economically sound indicators;
2) you must fix the established procedure in the accounting policy;
3) you should apply this procedure for at least two tax periods.
As well as for the residuals of the NZP, you evaluate the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the end of the current month (paragraph 2 of article 319 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
For evaluation you should use:
Data of primary accounting documents on the movement and the balances of finished products in stock (in quantitative terms);
- the amount of direct expenses of the current month, reduced by the amount of direct expenses, which relate to the balances of the wage.
Audit of finished products
The purpose of the audit of finished products and their implementation is to establish the completeness of posting of finished products, the correctness of the calculation of revenue from sales and the cost of sales.The objectives of the audit of finished products and their implementation are:
Confirmation of the validity of the choice and the correctness of the application of the option for evaluating the finished product;
- confirmation of the initial assessment of accounting systems and internal control;
- establishing the completeness of posting of finished products;
- confirmation of the volume of sales and the cost of sales (shipped) of products.
Key regulatory documents:
Federal Law No. 129-ФЗ On Accounting;
- Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 34n;
- Accounting Regulation “Inventory Accounting” PBU 5/01, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 44n;
- Guidelines for accounting of inventories, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 119n;
- Chart of accounts for the accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations and instructions for its use, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 94n;
- unified forms of primary accounting documentation for the registration of products, inventory items in storage, approved by Rosstat Resolution No. 66.
Documents to be provided to the auditor: cards for stock accounting of finished products, price list, contracts for the supply of products, invoices, sales book, invoices for the transfer of finished products to storage places, consignment notes, power of attorney of buyers, statements of accounting of inventory balances in places of storage, bank statements from banks with attached primary documents (payment orders, requirements), cash documents on receipt of revenue, accounting registers (magazines, warrants, statements, machine grams) on accounts 20 “Main production”, 40 “Production output (works, services)”, 43 “Finished products” 46 “Completed stages of work in progress”, 50 “Cash desk”, 51 “Settlement accounts”, 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”, 90 “Sales”, etc.
The work during the audit of finished products can be divided into three stages: orientation, main and final.
Introductory stage
The main objective of the audit of finished products and their implementation is the confirmation of information on finished products, sales amounts in the financial statements.
The auditor should examine the entire set of presented financial statements, namely:
To establish that the data on the balances on the accounts of finished goods and goods for resale, goods shipped at the beginning and end of the reporting period, indicated in the balance sheet or general ledger, correspond to the data indicated on lines 214, 215 balance sheet (form number 1).
- establish that the data on the amount of sales are reflected in in full on line 100 of the income statement (Form No. 2);
- conduct analytical procedures.
In addition, at this stage of the audit, it is necessary to check whether the method for evaluating finished products is correctly fixed in the accounting policy of the organization.
If the finished product is estimated at the actual production cost, then the cost of each product, type of work is determined as they are completed.
If it is estimated at the normative (planned) cost, then at the end of the month deviations of the actual cost from the normative (planned) are revealed, which are separately recorded in analytical accounting. This assessment method is possible when the organization uses the regulatory method of cost accounting and costing of production costs in the presence of planned cost estimates.
If the finished product is estimated at selling (contractual) prices (a type of standard cost method), then at the end of the reporting period, the difference between the cost of products (work, services) at selling prices (tariffs) and its actual cost, which, like the deviations from the previous one, is calculated evaluation method is also shown separately.
At the same time, data on the actual production cost of production is the basis in all three accounting options for finished products delivered to the warehouse. In the working chart of accounts, appropriate accounts should be established for its accounting: 40 “Output of products (works, services)”, 43 “Finished products”.
To assess the internal control, the auditor needs to find out whether analytical accounting is kept on account 43 “Finished products” by storage locations and certain types of finished products.
The auditor should establish the main areas of internal control:
Is there a timely correct record of the availability and movement of finished products in warehouses and in storage places;
- whether the safety of finished products and compliance with the limits of finished products in the warehouse are monitored;
- whether the protection of finished products is ensured;
- whether the circle of persons responsible for the safety of the finished product has been determined, or whether contracts of full material liability have been concluded with them.
Main stage
At this stage, the auditor must make sure that when using account 40 “Release of products (works, services)”, finished products are included in the debit of account 43 “Ready products” at the standard or planned cost from the credit of account 40 “Release of products (works, services)”. Compliance with a specific option for evaluating finished products and the corresponding procedure for recording operations for their release in accounting is established by analyzing the applicable account correspondence schemes.
Without the use of account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” the posting of finished goods is reflected in the debit of account 43 “Finished products” and in the credit of accounts for the accounting of production costs (20 “Main production”, 29 “Serving production and economy”). Products shipped to customers for which settlement documents are presented are debited from account 43 “Finished goods” to the debit of account 90 “Sales”.
If the proceeds from the sale of shipped products cannot be recognized in accounting (for example, when exporting products), then until the revenue from the sale of these products is recognized, it shall be accounted for on account 45 “Goods shipped”.
In case of actual shipment, an entry is made from the credit of account 43 “Finished goods” to the debit of account 45 “Goods shipped”.
When using the standard (planned) cost or sales prices in current accounting, it becomes necessary to identify deviations of the accounting price of the product from the actual cost. When conducting an audit, it is necessary to compare the actual cost of production with the normative (planned) cost. The revealed deviations are either fully written off to sales accounts (when using account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”), or distributed between the shipped, sold products and their balances in the warehouse and in shipment (without using account 40 “Output ( works, services) ”), depending on the methodology used in the organization.
If the organization uses account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” to account for the regulatory (planned) cost of output, then the debit of this account in correspondence with accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production” reflects the actual production cost released products. For the credit of account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”, in correspondence with account 43 “Finished products”, the normative (planned) cost of manufactured products is reflected.
After the entries on account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” are made, it is necessary to check how the organization determines the difference between debit and credit turnover.
Exceeding the actual cost over the normative (planned) means the cost overrun made in production and is reflected in the additional entry for the debit of account 90 “Sales” and the credit of account 40 “Release of products (work, services)”.
The excess of the normative (planned) cost over the actual testifies to the savings, which should be reflected in the reversal record for the debit of account 90 “Sales” and the credit of account 40 “Release of products (work, services)”.
The auditor needs to establish whether account 40 “Release of products (work, services)” is ultimately closed.
If account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is not involved, then in an organization using accounting prices, when posting finished products to the warehouse, two entries are made simultaneously:
According to the debit of account 43 “Finished goods” in correspondence with the credit of accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production” - for the book value of the manufactured products;
- in the same correspondence - the difference between the actual cost and its accounting value.
At the same time, the auditor checks whether an additional record is made if the actual cost is higher, and, conversely, whether a reversal record is made if the actual cost is lower.
When reflecting operations for the sale of finished products, it is necessary to study the sales contracts in detail. In this case, special attention must be paid to the moment of transfer of ownership. So, the ownership of the shipped goods can pass from the supplier to the buyer not at the time of shipment, but at the time of payment.
Finished goods work in progress
Products that have not passed all stages of processing and are not accepted by the technical control department, as well as work in progress that are not accepted by the customer, are called unfinished production (WIP), and the costs associated with them are called work in progress. To calculate the size of work in progress, it is necessary to take into account the movement of residual parts, assemblies, etc. At all stages of processing, they should be checked periodically, and the report data should be compared with inventory data.Operational quantitative accounting of the movement of the remnants of work in progress is carried out by employees of dispatch bureaus. However, more accurate data on the balances of costs in work in progress can be obtained only by conducting an inventory of work in progress.
In industries where there are constantly rolling balances of work in progress, to determine the costs associated with the output, you need to monthly evaluate them.
The cost of output is determined as follows: to the work in progress at the beginning of the month, the cost of production for the month is added, the returned and debited amounts are subtracted, as well as the work in progress at the end of the month.
Therefore, it is important to correctly identify residues in work in progress and evaluate them. Any errors in the information about the balances will inevitably entail a distortion of the cost of production.
The actual production cost of manufactured products (ready for sale or already sold), which is debited from the credit of account 20, is determined as follows:
Account 20 “Main Production”
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Work in progress at 1.08. (WIP N) - 250 000 rub. |
Credit turnover is equal to the wage N(250 LLC) + 3 m(1,500,000) - WIP TO(150,000) \u003d 1,600,000 rubles. |
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Costs for August (Zm) - 1,500,000 rubles. |
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Work in progress as of 31.08. (NZPK) - 150,000 rubles. |
The balance of account 20 is determined earlier than the credit turnover, and therefore, it is necessary to first evaluate the work in progress, and then write off the costs of the output.
Example:
It is required to calculate the actual cost of the WIP for the product “P”, if the cost of materials amounted to 5000 rubles., TZR - 10%, returnable waste (-2%). Accrued wages in the amount of 10,000 rubles. General production costs in relation to the accrued wages - 45%, and general business expenses - 55%.
Costing Articles:
1. Materials - 5000 rubles.
2. TZR (10%) -500 rubles.
3. Return waste (-2%) - 100 rubles.
Total: materials 5,400 rubles.
4. Wage - 10 000 rub.
5. Contributions to extrabudgetary funds - 2600 rubles.
6. Social insurance from accidents (1.4%) - 140 rubles.
7. General production costs (45%) - 4500 rubles.
8. General business expenses (55%) - 5500 rubles.
The actual cost of the whole wage - 28,140 rubles.
Summation of production costs
When the journal-order form of accounting, the summation of production costs is carried out in the journal-warrant No. 10 and No. 10/1.
Magazine-warrant No. 10 is compiled on the basis of the summary data of the cost accounting sheets of workshops No. 12, accounting for losses in production No. 14, accounting for general and non-manufacturing expenses No. 15, etc.
Magazine-warrant No. 10 is built on the principle of a chess sheet - credited accounts (count 02, 10, 70, 69, 97, 96, 28, 25, 26, etc.) are arranged vertically, and debited, representing the cost accounting system for production (cf. 20, 23, 25, 26, 28, 96, 97) - horizontally. The chess form of records provides a summary of the costs - for individual cost elements and costing items.
Magazine-warrant No. 10/1 is a continuation of magazine-warrant No. 10. It is kept on credit of the same accounts as magazine-warrant No. 10, but in the debit of non-production accounts. At the end of the month, the final entries of the journal-order No. 10 are transferred to the journal-order No. 10/1. The total results of both order-journals are then transferred to the general ledger accounts.
The data of the journal orders No. 10 and No. 10/1 are used to compile the calculation of costs for economic elements (II section of the journal-orders No. 10) and to calculate the cost of commercial products according to calculation items ( III section magazine warrant number 10).
To maintain a consolidated accounting of production costs, use the "Statement of consolidated accounting of production costs." They fill it out on the basis of development tables, data of typograms, similar statements for the last month. The actual cost of finished goods in the statement is determined for each cost item as follows: the actual costs for the reporting month are added to the balance of work in progress at the beginning of the month, the cost of the final marriage, the amount of shortages and balances of work in progress at the end of the month are deducted.
Accounting for finished products
Products that have gone through all stages of technological processing and meet established standards or technical conditions and are delivered to a warehouse are called finished products. The delivery of products from production to the warehouse is made out with invoices, which are issued in the shops in duplicate, one copy is handed over to the storekeeper, and the other with a receipt in the product acceptance remains in the workshop.
In the accounting department, on the basis of the delivery invoices, the accumulative statements of the output of finished goods for the month are kept. At the end of the month, the sheet counts the number of finished products manufactured by type of product and evaluates it at the planned cost. In this assessment, analytical accounting of finished products is carried out.
The production cost of finished products by type of product or order is determined according to the analytical accounting of the main production. The revealed costs of each type of product are put down in the sheet of finished goods, and then add up all these amounts and get the actual cost of the entire output.
After that, the amount of deviations of the actual cost from the planned (savings or cost overruns) is established both by type of product and throughout the entire output. To reconcile the analytical accounting data on account 20 “Main production” with synthetic accounts, the cost of commercial products is calculated in section III of order journal No. 10. The basis for calculating the cost of commercial products is the final debit of account 20 “Main production”, the amount of adjustments under the article “Production costs associated with incorrigible defective products and the value of valuable waste” and the cost of work in progress at the beginning and end of the month.
According to the release sheet, reconciled with the calculation of the cost of commercial products, make entries in the journal-warrant No. 10/1 in correspondence: D 43 T-20.
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Chapter I. The concept of finished products
1.1 the Concept of finished products, its assessment
Finished products - these are products and semi-finished products, fully finished processing, meeting applicable standards or approved specifications, accepted at the warehouse or by the customer.
Finished products, as a rule, should be delivered to the warehouse on account of a financially responsible person. Oversized products, bulk and liquid products that cannot be delivered to the warehouse for technical reasons, are accepted by the customer’s representative at the place of manufacture, assembly and assembly.
Products to be delivered to the customer on site and not executed by the acceptance certificate remain in the work in progress and are not included in the finished product. Industrial products cannot be included in production waste even when they are sold on the side.
Finished products also include industrial works and services performed to the side of their capital construction and other non-industrial industries and households, the cost of sales
or intended for the sale of semi-finished products of their production.
Receipt from the production of finished products is made out by waybills, specifications, acceptance certificates and other primary documents.
Accounting for finished products by type and storage location is usually carried out similarly to inventory. Many organizations use a cardless method of accounting for finished products: using computers daily draw up turnover sheets for recording the output and movement of finished products relative to warehouses and other storage locations. Residues of finished products are periodically inventoried.
In automated warehouses, instead of warehouse accounting cards, operational machine programs and video programs of the balances and movement of finished products for each type are used.
For finished products make up the nomenclature - the price tag.
In addition to the price tag, product guides are developed that contain information:
About products taxable and non-taxable by various types of taxes;
About payers and consignees:
About the average quarterly and average annual cost, etc.
The actual production cost of the finished product is the sum of all the costs of its manufacture. Other types of assessment may apply:
According to the planned (normative) production cost, when deviations of the actual production cost of finished products for the reporting month from the planned or normative cost are separately taken into account;
At incomplete (reduced) production costs calculated at actual costs excluding general business expenses;
At selling prices and tariffs (excluding value added tax and sales tax) when accounting for goods sold through the retail chain;
At selling prices and tariffs, increased by the amount of tax, value added - when performing single orders and works.
At the end of the month, regardless of the price at which the current accounting is carried out, the evaluation of finished products is brought to the actual production cost by drawing up special calculations of the distribution of deviations between the actual cost and the accounting price.
Acceptance of the act of finished goods from production to the warehouse in accounting is made by posting:
D 40 - K 20 - production cost of production, where: account 20 “Main production”, account 40 “Finished products”.
Products not adopted by act are listed as work in progress.
Finished products are the end result of the production cycle. Its implementation completes the circulation of household assets and determines the efficiency of production: “money - goods - money” (D - T - D *). If D * is greater than D, then a profit is obtained. The amount of profit from product sales is calculated by the accounting department of large and medium enterprises on a monthly basis, and small quarterly.
According to the "Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation", finished products are reflected in the accounting of the enterprise at the actual, normative (planned) production cost or direct cost items. The production cost of the finished product should include material and labor production costs, depreciation of fixed assets and other expenses directly related to production. Other expenses, in particular general expenses (collected on account 26 “General expenses”), may or may not be included in the production cost.
Accounting for shipped products (works handed over to the customer and services rendered to the consumer), in accordance with the Regulation mentioned above, is carried out at the full actual cost price, i.e. in addition to production costs, it should reflect the remaining costs, including those associated with the sale of products. In market conditions, the forms of contractual relations between suppliers and customers are of great importance. For example, the buyer can take on part of the costs of selling products, as well as part of the risks associated with transportation and storage in intermediate warehouses. Therefore, the accounting of shipped products has acquired several additional subtleties associated with the use of account 45 “Goods shipped”. Depending on the terms of the contract, this account may or may not include certain business expenses. So, if the buyer is obligated to compensate the supplier for transportation costs, then they can be directly included in account 45 “Goods shipped”:
D 45 - K 40 - production cost of production;
D 45 - K 43 - selling expenses paid by the buyer, where: account 43 “Commercial expenses”.
One of the important international accounting rules is the principle of an operating enterprise, which consists in the fact that an economic entity is supposed to operate for an indefinitely long period of time.
In this regard, accounting is obliged to regularly analyze the volume of production of individual product samples, the amount of net profit received from their sale, as well as the amount of net profit per unit of output. This will make it possible to develop recommendations for the removal from production of obsolete product samples and the transition to new types of products.
1.2 Tasks of accounting and analysis of finished products
Tasks of accounting for finished products:
Control over the correct and timely documentation of products and products released from production and shipped (sold);
Monitoring the safety of finished products in the organization’s warehouses or in storage places;
Obtaining accurate information about the quantity and cost of finished products in stock, and monitoring the compliance of actual stocks of values \u200b\u200bwith established standards;
Timely identification of excess and excess residues of finished products to be sold in order to mobilize internal resources;
Systematic monitoring of the level of sales costs;
Monitoring the implementation of supply contracts by volume and assortment;
Monitoring the timely receipt of payments for the sale of finished products;
Identification of financial results from the sale of products.
The main objectives of the analysis:
Assessment of the degree of implementation of the plan and the dynamics of production and sales;
Determination of the influence of factors on the change in the magnitude of these indicators;
Identification of on-farm reserves to increase production and sales;
Development of measures for the development of identified reserves.
As sources of information for accounting and analysis of finished products are used: “Profit and loss statement”, monthly, quarterly and annual reports of the organization on the release of products, statement 16 “Movement of finished products, their shipment and sale”, purchase book and others.
Chapter II Accounting for finished products
2.1 Documentation and accounting of finished products
The delivery of finished products from production to the organization’s warehouse is made out by waybills, specifications, acceptance certificates, etc. These documents indicate the number (code) of the workshop that delivers the finished goods, the warehouse of the recipient, the name and item number of the product, quantity. Acceptance invoices are usually issued in two copies: one is intended for the finished product handler, the other is transferred to the warehouse. Products arriving at the warehouse should be measured, counted and weighed (if necessary).
Acceptance invoices are signed by representatives of the workshop-receiver, warehouse-receiver and technical control service. In the conditions of a market economy and the development of small business organizations, confirmation of the quality of products is gaining importance. In accordance with the Federal Law “On Certification of Products and Services”, the quality of products is confirmed by a certificate or other similar documents.
In case of multiple delivery of products to the warehouse during the shift, it is recommended to replace single-line and single-line documents with multi-line accumulative documents (consignment notes, statements, shift reports, days). If the delivery note is drawn up in a few days, it is signed by the listed persons for each day. The form and content of the consignment note depends on the complexity, completeness and frequency of delivery of finished products to the recipient warehouse.
The release of finished products from production to the warehouse can also be formalized by the sheet of delivery of finished products from the workshop to the warehouse, and when delivering the products to the customer (buyer) directly from the workshop (bypassing the warehouse) or when manufacturing complex and multi-piece products instead of the invoice, it is advisable to draw up an acceptance certificate. The acceptance certificate has a standard form, in which it is noted that the finished products have passed all stages of technological processing, meet the technical conditions (customer requirements) and other natural and cost indicators of the manufactured products.
Shipment (vacation) of finished goods is carried out according to the relevant administrative documents: this is a certificate, waybill, order for vacation (shipment) of finished goods, etc. Shipment (vacation) of finished goods to customers is carried out in accordance with concluded supply contracts, in which the name and quantity are determined by types of products supplied, method of shipment or pickup, lot size, price at which individual products are sold. In accordance with the supply contract, the supplier organization issues an invoice order in which two documents are combined: an order to the warehouse for shipment of products and an invoice for its release from the warehouse. The data of the vacation order is filled out by the managers engaged in the sale of finished products, and the actual quantity of products sold is the financially responsible person who sold the products. Selected batches of finished products are handed over to the forwarder against receipt or delivered on the spot to the representative of the buyer (for pickup). Sending cargo is made out by waybills and receipts to them. On the basis of these documents, an invoice for the release of finished products is drawn up. The railway waybill (or water waybill) is transferred to the railway station (or wharf) along with the cargo. The consignment note accompanies the cargo along the route and along with it is issued at the destination to the consignee. The railway receipt issued by the transport organization at the time of acceptance of the goods for transportation and payment of the tariff is issued to the consignor and serves as the basis for issuing an invoice and presenting it for payment to the buyer.
The production of finished products is the basis of the activity of each enterprise. It is from the proceeds from the sale of the manufactured product that the main share of the company's profit is formed. Let’s figure out how to record the operations of the issue, what nuances must be taken into account in this case.
What is the output
Variety of enterprise forms and production features each involves various modifications of operations to produce goods and services. Let's get acquainted with the key concepts of these business operations.
Gross output is the total value of the manufactured products, including the value of goods transferred through barter transactions, in payment for services (commodity, labor, rent), for charitable purposes, etc.
Serial production is a type of production of limited batches of products that is regularly repeated. For such a production, the choice of a subtype is characteristic:
- small-scale production (often a single product is produced for unique projects or small batches);
- large-scale (mass production).
There is such a term as counter-production. This, figuratively speaking, is the production of a product from products of the same company, released earlier. For example, in woodworking enterprises, pressed boards are produced from sawdust obtained from the main production, and when they are brought to their marketable appearance (grinding), sawdust is produced again, which are then put back into the production of boards.
Often the company specializes in the production of homogeneous products or individual technological operations. But, no matter what the features, the production of different products does not differ, the obligatory actions in any company are planning the volume of output and accounting for the goods received.
Finished product planning (GP)
When calculating the planned output of SOEs, an economist should consider:
- forecast for future implementation;
- unfinished production;
- the presence of product residues in warehouses;
- mandatory regulatory minimum (or mobilization reserve).
The potential release of GP is determined by the formula:
O yp \u003d O real + H - O squl - O nzv,
where O vp is the volume of output,
N - reserve standard,
About SCL - the remains of goods and materials in the warehouse,
Not only the volume of output is planned, the planned cost of SOEs is also calculated using information on the cost of products produced in previous periods, or they are calculated from average values.
Output: wiring
Manufactured products are part of the company's inventory and must be sold.
GP issuance can be accounted at cost:
- actual (on account 43 "GP");
- normative (with the use of count. 40 “Release of SOEs”).
Accounting at actual cost is often carried out when the enterprise produces homogeneous products with a small number of nomenclature units. On the count. 43 all actual costs incurred are collected (materials, raw materials, workshop staff salaries, equipment depreciation, energy costs, general production costs, etc.). Documentation of the release of finished products - the act of issuing SOEs. GP production and its movement within the company is made out by postings:
Accounting for output at planned cost
With large production volumes with a large range of units, the accounting of gas units is carried out at the normative (planned) cost using inv. 40. The actual cost of the debit of this account shall be reflected, and the standard cost of the loan. The actual cost of the batch of goods produced is debited to the account. 40, planned - with a credit account. 40 to debit count. 43. After that, the cost of sales transfers to debit account. 90/2 in the direction of products for sale.
At the end of the month, the difference between these two costs (amounts for d / t and to / t account 40) is calculated. It is commonly called the deviation of the actual cost from the planned. If a debit balance is displayed during these calculations, this means that the real cost is higher than the planned (cost overrun), and the deviation is debited from the credit account. 40 to debit count. 90/2.
If at the end of the month on the count. 40, if the credit balance is displayed, then we can state the savings, because in fact the SOE has a cost price lower than planned. In this case, the deviation amount is reversed by posting D90 / 2 K40. Such an operation is called output adjustment.
Thus, at the end of each month cf. 40 is closed, zeroing the balance, and postings with this method of accounting for the issue of SOEs will be as follows:
IN large companies when accounting for the cost of SOEs at planned prices, it is more expedient to open subaccounts to invoice. 43:
- 43/1 "SO at the planned cost”;
- 43/2 "Deviations of the actual cost of the planned."
An example of accounting for GP at standard cost
According to the results of March 2018, the arms company produced 150 units of unique products, the planned cost of which amounted to 10,000 rubles, the actual - 10,600 rubles. The selling price of each product is 20,000 rubles. In March, the entire batch was realized. The accountant made the following entries when closing the month:
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Operation |
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GP accounts for the warehouse at planned prices (150 x 10,000) |
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Actual cost of products taken into account (150 x 10 600) |
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Sales revenue (150 x 20,000) |
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The cost structure reflects the planned s / cost of goods sold |
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Sales revenue received |
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The difference (cost overrun) between the actual and planned cost price (1,590,000 - 1,500,000) is adjusted |
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Profit for March 2018 is reflected (3,000,000–1,500,000–90,000) |
Finished products - these are products and semi-finished products, fully finished processing, corresponding to applicable standards or specifications, accepted at the warehouse or by the customer (buyer), as well as work performed and services rendered.
All finished products, as a rule, are handed over to the warehouse on account of a financially responsible person. The exception is large-sized products and products that cannot be delivered to the warehouse for technical reasons and therefore are accepted by the customer organizations at the place of manufacture, assembly and assembly.
Products by type are divided into:
Gross - the total cost of finished finished products developed by the organization for the reporting period;
gross turnover (gross output) - the value of all products, semi-finished products, work performed and services rendered, including work in progress;
realized (sold) - gross output less deductions of finished goods, work in progress, semi-finished products, tools and spare parts of own production;
comparable - products that were produced by the organization in the previous reporting period;
incomparable - products that were produced for the first time in the reporting period.
Evaluation of finished products is currently carried out by:
Actual production cost - represents the sum of all costs associated with the manufacture of products (fully collected only on account 20 “Main production”);
normative or planned production cost - determine and separately take into account deviations of the actual production cost for the reporting month from the planned (normative) cost (deviations are detected on account 40 “Output of products (work, services)”);
accounting prices (wholesale, contractual, etc.) - the difference between the actual cost and the accounting price is separately taken into account. To date, this option for evaluating finished products has been the most common, but now in connection with sharp changes in pricing is less common;
selling prices and tariffs (excluding VAT and sales tax) - has the widest application;
incomplete (reduced) production cost (“direct costing” method) - the cost of finished products is determined by actual costs excluding general business expenses.
To account for the availability and movement of finished products, 43 “Finished Products” is intended; the products to be delivered on the spot and not executed by the acceptance certificate remain in the work in progress and are not taken into account on the indicated account.
Synthetic accounting of finished products can be carried out in two versions: without using account 40 “Release of products (works, services)” and using account 40 “Release of products (works, services)”.
In the first case (without account 40), finished products are taken into account on account 43 “Finished products” at the actual production cost. At the same time, the analytical accounting of certain types of finished products is reflected at accounting prices, highlighting deviations of the actual cost of the cost of finished products at accounting prices.
Finished products transferred from production to the warehouse are recorded on account 43 “Finished products” at discount prices during the month.
In doing so, make an account:
Dt 43 "Finished products"
At the end of the month, the actual cost of capitalized finished products is calculated and the deviation of the actual cost of production from its value at discount prices is determined.
If the actual cost is greater than the discount price, then make an additional posting:
Dt 43 "Finished products"
Kt 20 "Main production".
When the actual cost of production is less than the discount price, the difference is written off using the “red reversal” method:
Dt 43 "Finished products"
Kt 20 "Main production".
In the case when the finished product is fully used in the organization itself, it is accounted for:
D-10 "Materials", 21 "Semi-finished products of their own production", etc.
Kt 20 "Main production". Account 43 “Finished goods” is not used in this case.
Finished products shipped or delivered locally are written off at discount prices, depending on the accepted method of accounting for the sale of products:
At the end of the month, the deviation of the actual cost of shipped (sold) products from its value at discount prices is determined and this deviation is reflected by additional posting or by the “red reversal” method:
Dt 45 “Goods shipped”, 90 “Sales”, subaccount “Cost of sales”
Kt 43 “Finished products”.
In the second case, when account 40 “Release of products (work, services)” is used to account for production costs, the synthetic accounting of finished products in account 43 “Finished products” is carried out at the normative or planned cost.
When transferring finished products from production to the warehouse within a month, an entry is made:
Dt 43 "Finished products"
At the end of the month, the calculated actual cost of finished goods is written off:
Kt 20 "Main production".
Account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is active-passive. The debit of this account reflects the actual cost of production (works, services), and on a loan - the normative or planned cost. Comparing the debit and credit turnover of account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”, the deviation of the actual cost of production from the normative or planned is determined.
This deviation is written off:
Kt 40 “Release of products (works, services)”.
The excess of the actual cost of production over the normative or planned is written off by additional posting, and the savings are made using the red reversal method. Account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is closed and has no balance at the end of the month.
The following is recorded on the finished (sold) finished products within a month at the standard or planned cost:
Dt 90 "Sales", subaccount "Cost of sales"
Kt 43 “Finished products”
Example. Synthetic accounting of finished products is carried out at the normative (planned) cost price, which is 12,000 rubles. At the end of the month, the actual cost of finished products in the amount of 10,000 rubles was determined. Products were sold within a month.
The following entries were made in accounting:
1. The finished products were capitalized at the warehouse at the normative (planned) cost price - Dt 43 “Finished products”
Kt 40 “Output of products (works, services)” - 12,000 rubles.
2. Written off sold finished products at the standard (planned) cost -
Dt 90 "Sales", subaccount "Cost of sales"
Kt 43 “Finished products” - 12,000 rubles.
3. At the end of the month, the actual production cost of the finished product is written off -
D-40 "Release of products (works, services)"
Kt 20 “Main production” - 10,000 rubles.
4. Written off the deviation of the actual production cost from the standard cost (saving) -
Dt 90 "Sales", subaccount "Cost of sales"
Kt 40 “Output of products (works, services)” - 2,000 rubles. ("Red reversal").
Accounting for finished products is regulated by PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 No. 44n, registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on July 19, 2001 No. 2806.
The organization of accounting for finished products based on PBU 5/01 is determined in the guidelines approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n, excerpts from which are given in this section.
Finished products - these are products and semi-finished products, which are the product of the organization’s production process with complete processing (packaging), meeting current standards or approved technical specifications, accepted at the organization’s warehouse or by the customer.
The purpose of accounting for finished products is the timely and complete reflection on the accounts of accounting information on the release and shipment of finished products in the organization.
The main objectives of accounting for finished products are:
- correct and timely documenting of operations for the release, movement and dispensing of finished products in the organization's storage facilities;
- control over the safety of finished products in places of storage and at all stages of movement;
- monitoring the implementation of plans for the production and sale of finished products;
- timely identification of unclaimed items of finished products with a view to their possible modernization or removal from production;
- identification of the profitability of the entire range of finished products.
Finished products released must be transferred to the warehouse to the materially responsible person. Oversized products that cannot be delivered to the warehouse for technical reasons are accepted by the customer’s representative at the place of manufacture (release).
Planning and accounting of finished products are in physical and cost terms. If there are no questions with natural indicators, then several methods are used to determine the cost indicators (evaluation of finished products). Consider the basic methods for assessing finished products:
- at actual production cost. This method of evaluating finished products is used in enterprises with single and small-scale production, as well as in the production of mass products of a small range;
- at incomplete (reduced) production costs calculated at direct (actual) costs without general and general production costs. The technique can be applied in similar to the first method of production;
- at the normative (planned) cost price. The planned cost is used to evaluate the manufactured nomenclature items of finished products. For the organization of the most informative accounting of finished products, it is recommended to determine the planned cost for each item position. A distinctive feature of this technique is the need to provide a separate account of deviations of the actual production cost of production from the planned or normative. Deviations should also be taken into account in the context of the nomenclature, however, deviations can be taken into account for groups of finished products or for the organization as a whole. Thus, accounting for deviations in conjunction with the planned cost price allows you to determine the actual production cost of the finished product.
The advantage of this method of evaluating finished products is the organization of a unified evaluation system in planning and accounting, the implementation of operational accounting of the movement of finished products, the stability of accounting prices. The application of this assessment option is advisable in industries with mass and serial nature of production and with a large range of finished products; - at negotiated prices, sales prices and other types of prices. Contractual prices are used as solid accounting prices for products. Deviations of the actual production cost of production are taken into account similarly to the previous version of the assessment. The scope of this method for evaluating finished products also coincides with the previous option.
When creating accounting prices for each item, it is advisable to take into account the rule of the correct ratio of production costs, i.e. two nomenclature items with the same actual cost should have the same accounting value. This is necessary for the correct distribution of deviations (deviations are distributed in proportion to the book value) for each item of the manufactured products.
Thus, if accounting prices and deviations from the actual cost are reflected for each item, the use of selling prices as accounting is not entirely correct, because the ratio of sales prices does not always correspond to the ratio of the cost of production (products may have the same selling price and different cost).
The actual cost of finished goods depends on the methods of cost accounting and costing used in the organization.
Synthetic accounting of finished products.
To account for the presence and movement of finished goods of a material nature at manufacturing enterprises, an active account 43 “Finished products” is used. Regardless of the assessment methodology, the output (receipt at the warehouse) of finished products manufactured for sale is reflected in the debit of account 43.
This section discusses the accounting of finished products of a material nature. The output of such products can be divided by the purpose of its use as follows:
- general economic use (household equipment);
- general industrial use (tools);
- use in the further production cycle (semi-finished products).
Accounting schemes depend on the purpose of using the finished product and the valuation methodology used at the enterprise.
If an enterprise manufactures a small assortment of products for its own needs, it is advisable to keep records of incomplete (reduced) production costs and reflect the output (production) of products in the debit of account 10 “Materials” from the credit of expense accounts 23 “Auxiliary production”, 29 “Serving production and economy ".
If the company carries out industrial production of a wide range of products for the purpose of their further sale, the active account 43 “Finished products” is used to account for the availability and movement of finished products. Accounting in this case, it is advisable to keep at discount prices (planned cost, contract prices). This is due to the fact that at the time of production and sale of finished products, the actual production cost is still unknown and its calculation, as a rule, occurs in the next month after release (sale).
The scheme of accounting for finished products.
To reflect the production of finished products at discount prices, an active-passive account 40 “Production, work, services” is used. The output is reflected in the debit of account 43 from the credit of account 40 at discount prices (planned cost). By the time of the formation of the actual production cost, the credit balance of account 40 determines the standard cost of finished products. The actual cost is reflected in the debit of account 40 from the credit of accounts for cost accounting 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 29 “Serving production and economy”. Thus, the formed balance of account 40 determines the deviation of the actual production cost of output from the planned cost. The debit balance of account 40 indicates the excess of the actual cost over planned, the credit - the opposite. The deviation value determines the correctness of the methodology for calculating the planned cost of production at the enterprise, and its great value means errors in the planned calculations.
Further, the balance of account 40 is debited to account 43 (credit balance is reversed, debit is reflected in the usual manner). Account 43 should be divided into two subaccounts: 43.1 - finished products at the planned cost price; 43.2 - deviations of the actual cost from the planned. The organization of analytical accounting on account 43 depends on the capabilities of the software used in the organization. If the software allows, on account 43 you can organize analytical accounting for stock items and lots of products. Then the deducted balance of account 40 is distributed according to the batches and nomenclature positions of finished products issued in the reporting period in proportion to the accounting prices. If technical capabilities do not allow, analytical accounting on account 43.2 can be omitted, and the balance of account 40 should be transferred to account 43.2 in one amount. The account 40 has no balance at the end of the month.
If the company produces semi-finished products for further use in production processes, the accounting of these semi-finished products is carried out on account 21 "Semi-finished products of own production".
Products not formalized by the acceptance certificate remain as part of work in progress.
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