Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Similar documents

Factors affecting the level of poverty. The degree of dependent load. Improving the demographic situation in the country. Custody of the socially vulnerable. Strategies for solving socio-economic problems in Russia. Inequality of life chances of the population.

term paper, added 02/17/2015


The nature and different approaches to the definition of poverty. The formation of interest in the problem of poverty in Russia and abroad. Key indicators of living standards. Socio-demographic portrait of the poor in Russia. Reasons and strategies to combat poverty.

term paper, added 09/26/2010


A study of the current socio-demographic situation in Russia. Analysis and evaluation of policies pursued by the state in this direction. Attempts to predict the future prospects of socio-demographic development in the Russian Federation.

test work, added on 05/04/2011


The essence of the demographic problem in the Russian Federation. The relationship between population, fertility, mortality, migration and emigration. Policies aimed at improving the demographic situation. Projections for the development of demographic processes.

test work, added 09/09/2009


Functions and typology of the family as a social institution. Modern problems of single-parent families. Socio-economic simple (nuclear) and large families. Statistics of divorces and marriages in Russia. Indicators characterizing the standard of living of the population.

term paper added 09/04/2011


Theoretical foundations of the level and quality of life of the population, indicators and their essence. The main indicators of the level and quality of life of the population of developed foreign countries and Russia. The problem of poverty, state regulation of socio-economic policy.

thesis, added 05/26/2009


Methodological approaches in applied sociological study of the laws of functioning of social systems. Social programs for overcoming unemployment and supporting the poor, creating conditions for the way out of poverty for the working age population.

term paper added 11/17/2014

As Mark Twain wrote: “Everyone is talking about bad weather, but no one is trying to change it.” The same can be said about social problems in Russia.

N.P. Popov,doctor of Historical Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences Magazine “Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes”,Moscow

As Mark Twain wrote: “Everyone is talking about bad weather, but no one is trying to change it.” The same can be said about social problems in Russia: everyone says that in our society they exist and there are many, but most of them remain unresolved, and some only worsen. This is especially true for the last decade. Moreover, there is no consensus on what problems of society are the most acute today, requiring urgent solutions and cash costs of the state, and which can wait without being particularly dangerous.

The authorities periodically speak out about the most important social problems, setting priorities for their solution, which, in particular, is reflected in the President’s regular messages to the Federal Assembly. Not only the leaders of the state, but also the leaders of political parties voice their position on this issue. As a result, you can get an idea of \u200b\u200ba certain official “rating of the importance of social problems”, i.e. social tasks, as it were, are ranked according to the degree of urgency of their solution, where “importance” refers to the urgency with which they must be solved.

In the 2000s, the main leitmotif of the statements of the top officials of the Russian state was the need to stabilize the internal situation in the country - to prevent political and other crises and create conditions for sustained economic growth, which was to guarantee an improvement in the people's life. And such stability, allegedly characterizing the two thousandths, seemed to be the main achievement of the last decade, as opposed to the instability of the turbulent 90s. True, this picture was somewhat spoiled by the economic crisis, which happened contrary to the doctrine of the “island of stability in the world of crisis”, which was submitted by the authorities in Russia back in the summer of 2008.

The next most important in the “official list” of the country's priorities for the near future is the task of moving our economy away from focusing on the extraction and sale of raw materials, primarily fuel, and the priority development of mechanical engineering and the processing industry, as well as the modernization of production and the transition to modern high-tech technologies. This has been especially actively discussed in the last two years in connection with the onset of the crisis and the fall in revenues from the sale of fuel. For several years, the fact of the extinction of the Russian population has been ascertained: high mortality and low fertility. Periodically, the need to combat corruption is mentioned - cleansing the authorities of bribery and “kickbacks”. Over the past year, catastrophic alcoholization of the population is again called among the dangerous social phenomena. Regularly, representatives of the authorities talk about the inviolability of the state’s social programs, even in the conditions of the economic crisis: the fight against unemployment, raising pensions, raising the living standards of the population.

In general, however, official speeches and announced programs bypass some of the most critical social phenomena, being, rather, a declaration of intent than a productive plan for a social settlement, expressed in quantitative terms, i.e. in specific volumes and terms.

The “appearance” of regular social development programs often coincides with election campaigns and aims to stimulate a positive attitude of voters towards the current government. Representatives of the middle management determine the priorities for solving social problems, guided by the attitudes of the highest authorities, and those, in turn, proceeding from considerations of the feasibility of a particular task in the foreseeable future and the ability to then merit success. That which cannot be resolved quickly is not included in the list of social tasks of paramount importance. The corruption interests of various clans of the bureaucracy, seeking to get their share from state funding of social programs, immensely contribute to this.

The declarativeness, amorphousness and selectivity of the ruling class's information supply create false ideas among the population about the main threats to society - personally to each resident and the whole country as a single organism, and also create a lack of understanding of what each person, as a citizen and voter, can do self social issues.

Public opinion in the country is formed mainly by the media. Limited personal experience often protects people from encountering many acute social problems, and if they are not covered by the media, then many do not suspect their existence. As a result, the picture in the minds of the population is incomplete and distorted.

Here's how, according to a VTsIOM survey, as a result of which 1,600 people were polled in 140 settlements in 42 regions, territories and republics of Russia, the ratings of significance of the main social problems of modern Russia look like (see table).

In this list of urgent problems, what worries people personally differs significantly from what they think is significant for the country as a whole (these representations are made up of statements by officials in the media). According to this criterion, the ratings presented in the 2nd and 3rd columns of the table are different. Rising prices seem equally significant for themselves and for the country; unemployment at the beginning of 2009 did not affect all, and government officials promised even greater growth; For some reason, alcoholism with drug addiction in the polls merged into one problem, and for themselves people do not put the degree of importance of these problems as high as it is positioned by the first persons of the country. The population itself assesses the level of their own life more negatively than this indicator looks according to official estimates, while at the same time, it’s difficult to try on people individually to assess demographic problems — low birth rates and high mortality rates: people don’t put these problems on a personal rating very high and relates to the problems of the whole society.

On the whole, the data of a sociological survey showed that public opinion is the result of the information and propaganda activities of the authorities: that the authorities consider the problem to be seen by the people as a problem. Many problems simply do not fall into the field of view of the population - they are not on TV.

If we study the issue according to statistical data, then the picture is different. The list of real problems of society over the past ten years is as follows - although it is difficult to say which of them are the most acute and which are less.

Obviously, poverty is leading in one of the richest countries in the world. Probably one of the reasons for this is corruption. The following should be called alcoholization of the country, the spread of drugs, the HIV / AIDS epidemic, the spread of tuberculosis, child homelessness and, in general, the extinction of the population.

It cannot be said that information about real social problems is now unavailable, as in Soviet times, when, for example, data on the number of psychiatric or tuberculous patients were classified.

The reports of the Ministry of Health and Social Development, Rosstat and RAMS are available on the Internet, but they are not disseminated by the media, and an ordinary person has little chance of learning about them.

Such data - medical, statistical and sociological - allow us to identify the main social diseases. It should be noted that the ranking of social problems is an assessment of relative importance, acuity is a very complex process, since most problems are interdependent, arise from one another, some are short-term in nature, others are long-term or historically inherent in our people. Therefore, social problems are considered further without evaluating their relative importance.

Poverty, Poverty

In the list of problems highlighted by the population, poverty is in the lead, people indicate it as the most acute in public opinion polls. Over the past ten years, the growth of incomes of the entire population “on average” was ensured by the growth of profitability of the richest fifth of the population and, above all, the very top of society, accounting for half a percent. Three quarters of the population during this time only became poorer; only 15–20% of the population can be considered a slowly growing “middle class”. According to UN criteria, 20-30% of the population live in poverty, and three quarters of Russia's population live in poverty. Unlike Western countries, we didn’t trickle down the incomes from rich to poor (“trickle down”), but rather - “poor poor, rich rich”. The gap between the richest strata - the top 10% of the population - and the poorest 10% is, according to various estimates, 15–20 times.

The main reason for poverty, obviously, is not the poverty of the country richest in mineral resources, but the economic policy of the ruling class. Over the past ten years, the main “poorer" parameters of economic policy have been mothballed. First of all, the official minimum wage level, the minimum wage, is set at ten times lower than in developed countries: we have this minimum of 120 euros, in France - 1,200 euros, in Ireland - 1,300 euros. From this modest base, benefits, benefits, fines, average salaries, and pensions are calculated.

Accordingly, businesses are allowed to pay an average salary of $ 500 a month, which, again, is several times less than in Europe and America. Hence the beggarly pensions - less than 25% of the average salary (in contrast to 44%, as in Europe). In addition, all the minimum incomes supported by the state are calculated from the “living basket” of 1991, which assumes only physical survival. All subsequent increases in the cost of living only somehow prevented the extinction of the poorest layers.

The main shameful feature of Russian poverty is the adult able-bodied people, working or unemployed, whose salaries and benefits are below the subsistence level, they make up 30% of all the poor. In addition, Russian poverty has a “child face”: 61% of all poor families are families with children. With all the calls of the authorities for young families to give birth to more children, in reality the birth of a child, and even more so two, plunges a young family into a state of poverty or poverty.

Alcoholization of the population, drunkenness

Alcoholization of the population is a recognized national problem. According to the UN, per capita consumption of 8 liters of alcohol per year already leads to the degradation of the nation, in our country this consumption, according to official estimates, has reached 18 liters, and according to unofficial estimates - over 20 liters. The people are dying to a large extent from general alcoholization. Over 80% drink alcohol, a third regularly drink vodka, in the country 3 million registered alcoholics, 25-30 million addicted to alcohol, 75 thousand die every year from alcohol poisoning, every fifth crime is committed on the basis of drunkenness. These facts are already recognized by all, but the causes and measures of control are called very different.

One of the factors in the growth of alcoholism is “left-wing”, shadow, vodka, produced without paying excise taxes and other taxes, sold illegally and bringing producers $ 2-3 billion a year. The production of counterfeit vodka is growing all the time, which gives rise to a “statistical paradox” - over the past twenty years, the official production of vodka has not increased or decreased, and the sale, from unknown sources, has been increasing. But such vodka, at least, as a rule, is not etched, people die from surrogates - solutions of household chemicals based on technical alcohol, which they “tint” with what they have to.

Drug distribution, addiction

A problem no less acute than alcoholization is the spread of drugs. Everyone knows that there is such a problem, the first persons of the state call this the “drug” declared to the country. Drug trafficking is driven by the interests of powerful criminal forces, whose proceeds from the illegal sale of drugs amount to more than $ 15 billion a year. Over ten years, drug use in Russia has increased tenfold, while in the United States during that time it has halved. The number of drug addicts registered in dispensaries is 550 thousand people, and it is estimated that 5 million people regularly use drugs, or, according to social surveys, more than 7% of the population aged 11–40 years. This is eight times more than in the EU countries. In addition, injecting drug users are the main source of HIV infection: among this group of HIV, 18% are affected, hepatitis C 80% and hepatitis B 27%. In the structure of registered crime, drug trafficking takes the second place not only in terms of volume and intensity, but also in terms of their growth rate.

Among the main causes of drug trafficking, experts call underfunding.

3.09 billion rubles were allocated for the entire Federal Target Program “Comprehensive Measures to Combat Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking for 2005-2009," while $ 34 billion is spent annually for these purposes in the United States. Another reason is “gaps in the legislative regulatory framework” governing the fight against drug trafficking and drug trafficking: there are not enough necessary laws and by-laws. The most important reason is the presence in the structure of drug trafficking of a key figure of a “drug-corruption”, a person in government who provides drug traffickers with reliable cover.

HIV / AIDS epidemic

An equally acute problem from the category of socio-medical, about which society is practically unaware, is the problem of the spread of HIV / AIDS infection in the country. The situation is characterized as an epidemic: in 2009, 500 thousand people with HIV infection were registered, an increase of 13% compared to last year. Among the population aged 15–49 years, 0.6% are infected with HIV, and according to some estimates, the number of infected exceeds 1%. More than 13 thousand HIV-infected citizens died last year, 14% more than in 2007. Due to the lack of information about the epidemic, primarily on television, the majority of the population believes that AIDS is the lot of drug addicts and homosexuals, hence the hostility to HIV-infected people, their discrimination in education, medical care, employment. Accordingly, infected people hide their illness, do not go for examination. At the same time, although the main source of the spread of the infection (62%) is intravenous drug use, 34% get the infection during heterosexual intercourse, while the number of children infected by HIV-infected mothers is growing. As a result, by the middle of zero, the infection in the country reached the epidemic level, but only in 2007 an interdepartmental council on the problem was created in the country.

Tuberculosis epidemic

Most people consider tuberculosis a disease of the past, eradicated by medicine as typhoid or smallpox, while in fact tuberculosis is one of the socially determined diseases, and today in Russia the incidence has reached the level of the epidemic. Soviet health took significant measures to combat tuberculosis, the results were very noticeable and recognized by specialists all over the world. A wide network of detecting and treating the disease was organized with the help of a comprehensive system of medical examination of the population, a network of TB dispensaries, treatment centers and sanatoriums. Over the past two decades, much of this system has been destroyed.

According to official data, in 2008 in Russia 120 thousand were ill with tuberculosis.

The incidence rate was 84.45 cases per 100 thousand people, which is 2.5 times higher than the same indicator in 1989, three times higher than the epidemic according to the standards of the World Health Organization, two and a half times more than the average in Europe.

Today in our country 25 thousand people die from tuberculosis annually.

In 2008, only 67% of the adult population underwent preventive examinations for early detection of tuberculosis, while in a number of constituent entities of the Federation this indicator does not exceed 50%, including 36% in the Moscow Region. As a result of omissions at the stage of early diagnosis of the disease, the number of severe and moderate forms of tuberculosis, representing the greatest epidemiological danger to others, is growing. In 2008, only 86% of patients with active tuberculosis were hospitalized in the country as a whole. Due to the poor organization of preventive examinations, 20–22 thousand previously undetected tuberculosis patients go to prisons and penal colonies every year, and correctional facilities become one of the active foci of the spread of tuberculosis in the country.

Only 76% of the registered territorial foci of tuberculosis infection were provided in the right amount with the means of ongoing disinfection. As a result, the report emphasizes, a significant part of household foci of tuberculosis remains a source of infection for the population and, first of all, for people living with patients. Everywhere there is a lack of funds, drugs, tuberculosis beds in hospitals, and medical personnel.

The conclusions of the report are disappointing. Although it is cautiously noted that in recent years there has been a “containment of growth” of high rates of morbidity and mortality from tuberculosis, in the “coming years it is forecasted height(emphasis added by me. - Auth.) indicators of morbidity and mortality from tuberculosis. ”

Extinction of the population

The demographic phenomenon, called “Russian cross” in sociological terminology, was recorded in Russia in 1992, when the curve depicting mortality sharply went up and crossed the fertility line. Since then, mortality has exceeded the birth rate, sometimes one and a half times: we have become a country with European birth rates and African mortality. According to official forecasts, by 2025 the population will decrease to 120 million people, and according to some estimates, to 85 million. Russia is the only developed country to die out in peacetime. The main causes of record-breaking mortality are illnesses, including socially caused ones, homicides and suicides, deaths on the roads, alcohol poisoning.

Obviously, not seeing the possibility of actually reducing mortality, the authorities put the main emphasis on increasing the birth rate. Some growth occurred here - from a minimum of 8.3 cases per 1000 people in 1999 to 12.5 cases per 1000 people in 2009. Part of the increase was due to an increase in the number of potential mothers born in the relatively prosperous 80s. Further this growth will slow down.

Social orphanhood

With an increase in the birth rate, other problems arise. Due to the growing alcoholism of fathers, the breakdown of families and poverty, many mothers abandon their children in the hospital, in addition, alcoholic parents and criminals are deprived of parental rights. The so-called social orphanhood arose: orphans with living parents. There are now over 700 thousand of such orphans. Of the 800 thousand orphans, more than 80% are social orphans.

But many children living in families have a sad fate. Conflicts in families and divorces, parental alcoholism, poverty force many children to flee home and wander around the country. Nobody knows such street children - the exact figure is about 1 million. Even more - up to 2 million - street children, those who only spend the night at home, but remain without parental supervision during the day and are brought up on the street. As a result, about 330 thousand crimes are committed by teenagers a year, 2 thousand children commit suicide.

About half of the graduates of orphanages disappear for society: some become alcoholics, others become criminals. However, the state does not solve the problems of adoption and guardianship. Bureaucracy and low material support for families who have adopted a child for raising create insurmountable difficulties for them.

In such circumstances, increasing fertility is of dubious value.

Migrants, resettlement of compatriots

One of the measures to solve the demographic problem, the authorities chose an influx of people from abroad. In principle, most experts agree that without the influx of people from outside we cannot solve the problem of depopulation of the country. The main solution is seen in attracting Russians who ended up due to the collapse of the USSR in the CIS countries, as well as all others who wish to come to live in the Russian Federation, again, from the former republics of the Union. However, no clear discussion in society regarding the policy in the field of population migration has occurred. There is no clear understanding of who our “compatriots” are. Are these those for whom the homeland is the USSR, or Russia, or the Russian Empire, or is it simply Russians who find it hard to live in a new “foreign country”, for example, in the Baltic states? In the end, an indistinct program was developed to attract “compatriots,” enshrined in federal law, in which the material incentives for moving were more than questionable. As a result, out of 300 thousand planned migrants, only about 10 thousand people actually relocated. People did not believe in this program, did not seduce with dubious benefits, and did not increase the number of Russians.

Corruption

Corruption, in fact, is not a separate social problem. This is a systemic disease of society, an inborn vice of the new political economy system, the basis of the relationship between government and business within the government itself. Over the past decade, corruption has increased tenfold, however, it increased in the 90s. It is the corruption-prone nature of the problem, the expected “rollback” that determines its solution or non-solution: if this is holding some kind of world championship in Russia, then success is guaranteed, if the problem of homelessness there is little chance of a solution.

According to the head of the Investigative Committee of the Prosecutor's Office A. Bastrykin, the amount of damage caused by corrupt officials, customs officers, prosecutors and police officers - this is only in the investigated criminal cases - was close to 1 trillion rubles. Moreover, the largest number of corruption-related crimes were committed in the areas of law enforcement, control and audit, and in local governments. According to K. Kabanov, chairman of the National Anti-Corruption Committee, the total amount of real corruption damage is 9–10 trillion rubles. in year . This is what concerns corruption in the upper echelons of power.

In general, the average size of a bribe in 2009 compared with 2008 tripled and exceeded 27 thousand rubles. Over the past year, a third of the population at least once bribed. In the list of “non-corruption” Russia is on the 146th place in the world, which shares with Ukraine, Kenya, Zimbabwe. Only Afghanistan, Iraq, Chad and Somalia are worse in this regard.

The damage from corruption is the amount illegally received by officials and the profit of businessmen as a result of a transaction. But in practice, the overwhelming majority of funding for solving social problems comes from state budgets at various levels and, according to numerous estimates, as a result of contests and tenders for the distribution of these funds, half of them go into a kickback to corrupt businessmen and officials. It turns out that half of the social part of the state budget does not fall as intended, i.e. stolen.

It is not surprising that representatives of all, without exception, socially oriented sectors of the economy are talking about “underfunding” of their areas of activity, it would be reasonable to add - “and plundering state funds”.

“Party of power” as a social problem

The list of social diseases of society could be continued, unfortunately, the physical limitations of the publication volume do not allow this. However, for the sake of completeness, one should not lose sight of another extremely important problem of a socio-political nature, namely, the monopolization of power in the hands of one ruling party, which, in fact, partially lies the reason for the solution of all other social problems.

The lack of political competition, contrary to the very idea of \u200b\u200bdemocracy, was interpreted by the ideologists of the party in power as a temporary measure for a quick, effective solution to the basic problems of a society in transition. It would seem that even with the dubious democratization of this alignment of political life, managing a country in this coordinate system is easier, more efficient: without too much discussion and parliamentary demagogy, start building roads, canals, investing in agriculture, building cheap housing, developing industry, helping the poor, fighting with diseases. And all this is decisive and quick. The President sets the task, outlines the program, the government calculates everything, prepares a draft law, the Duma quickly adopts it, the executive branch adopts it, money flowed, problems are solved. And indeed, it happened that this cycle — especially before the Duma left for the summer holidays — was completed in one month (it’s enough to recall the monetization of benefits for pensioners, the legislative implementation of which took only 3-4 months, except for summer vacation idle time).

What, with such a monopoly on power, managerial freedom, an abundance of oil and gas money, the ruling party managed to do in ten years in solving the main, acute problems of the country? The results are mostly negative.

If in the past it was customary to attribute problems to a difficult past or external factors - “the legacy of the tsarist regime”, “hostile environment”, “the arms race imposed on us”, “miscalculations of communist rule”, “dominance of the oligarchs of the 90s,” now it’s obvious that in the last decade, problems have not been solved and only worsened. The authorities and the party in power during this period dealt only with one of the social problems that they led.

Actually, all the power powers - the State Duma and the Government - are monopolized and concentrated in the hands of one ruling party - United Russia. The absence of their public discussion (the famous “... The Duma is not a place for discussion”) was the main reason for the failure to solve the basic social problems of society. However, social problems, unlike, for example, military or foreign policy ones, require discussion and debate, since in each of them there are medical, economic, environmental, psychological, pedagogical, moral and ethical problems, and completely different sectors of society are interested in solving them having specific, sometimes conflicting, interests.

Literature

1. Poll VTsIOM January 10-11, 2009 // Press release VTsIOM No. 1140. - 01/23/2009. 2. Popov N.P. The poor in a rich country // Labor and social relations. - 2009. - No. 4. - S. 41–47. 3. Putin approved a plan to defeat drunkenness by 2020 [Information from the Lenta.ru website dated 01/14/2010]. - The electron. Dan. - M .: Medical portal, 2010. - Access mode: http://medportal.ru/mednovosti/news/2010/01/14/prohibition, free. - Zagl. from the screen. 4. Popov N.P. How much we drink and why // World of measurements. - 2008. - No. 7. - S. 56–61; 2008. - No. 8. - S. 54–61. 5. Chukhareva N. Boris Gryzlov: “Drug war declared against Russia”. - The electron. Dan. - M.: Information portal Russia, 2009. - Access mode: http://www.russianews.ru/second/21815, free. - Zagl. from the screen. 6. On the results of monitoring the extent of distribution and illicit drug use in the Russian Federation in 2007: Information and analytical materials for the meeting of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia. - The electron. Dan. - M .: No - To Drugs, 2008. - Access mode: http://www.narkotiki.ru/gnk_6643.html. - Zagl. from the screen. 7. Mikhailov A.G. Drugs turn worse and worse // Novaya Gazeta. - 2006. - No. 73. - September 25 - September 27. 2006. 8. National report of the Russian Federation on the implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV / AIDS, adopted during the 26th special session of the UN General Assembly, June 2001 [Electronic resource] / Federal service for the supervision of consumer protection and human well-being. - M., 2008. - Access mode: http://www.positivenet.ru/files/russia_2008_country_progress_report_ru.pdf, free. - Zagl. from the screen. 9. On the sanitary-epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation in 2008: State report. - M.: Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, 2009. - S. 334–338. 10. Depopulation in Russia: 15 years of demographic tragedy // Demographic research. - 2008. - No. 6. 11. Social orphanhood in anticipation of the strategy / Social Marketing Agency // VIP-Premier Magazine [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.socialmarketing.ru/amazing/380, free. - Zagl. from the screen. 12. Monitoring the implementation of the State Program to facilitate the voluntary resettlement of compatriots living abroad to the Russian Federation. - M.: VTsIOM, 2009. 13. Corruption calculation. - The electron. Dan. - M .: Glance, 2009. - Access mode: http://www.vz.ru/society/2009/7/23/, free. - Zagl. from the screen.

Lecture No. 4 Demographic aspects of the state and development of the family

1. The subject of demography and population policy

2. From the history of the issue

3. The demographic crisis in modern Russia: causes and consequences

4. The concept of demographic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015

Lecture No. 5 Socio-economic situation of the family in the transition to market relations

1. Family structure of the population of the Russian Federation

2. Factors of change in the average size and structure of the family

3. The essence of the socio-economic problems of the modern family

4. Ways to solve the socio-economic problems of the family

Lecture No. 6 Culture and Family Life

1. The role of father and mother in the family

2. Communication in the family

3. Family life

4. The influence of life on life and personality formation

Lecture No. 7 Principles of social protection of the family

1. The nature and content of social protection

2. State guarantees and minimum social standards in the system of social protection of the population

3. The role and place of social services in the social protection of the population

Lecture No. 8 Priorities, principles and mechanisms for the implementation of the State Family Policy in a market economy of Russia

1. The essence of state family policy

2. Formation and implementation of state family policy in the Russian Federation

Lecture No. 9 Development and improvement of cash and in-kind payments to the family

1. Motherhood, fatherhood, childhood and the social security system

2. Compensation payments

3. Types of social benefits

Lecture No. 10 Protection of motherhood and childhood

1. Organization of obstetric and gynecological care

I. Clinical examination of pregnant women and puerperas.

II. Gynecological care.

III. Prevention of abortion, contraception.

2. Organization of preventive care for children

3. Work on the formation of a healthy lifestyle

Lecture No. 11 Young family as an object of social protection

1. Social portrait of a modern young family

2. Problems of a young family

3. Measures of social, economic and legal protection of young families

Lecture №12 Large family and its social protection

1. Types of large families

2. The main problems of a modern large family

3. Social protection of a large family

4. Technology of social work with large families

Lecture No. 13 Social Work with Families with Disabled Persons

1. The situation of children with disabilities in modern Russia

2. Problems of families with children with disabilities

3. The state legal basis for the social protection of persons with disabilities and their families

4. Experience of social services for the rehabilitation of families with children with disabilities

Lecture No. 14 Social protection of single-parent families

2. Socio-economic problems of single-parent families

3. Socio-psychological problems of single-parent families

4. Problems of upbringing and socialization of children in single-parent families

Lecture No. 15 Social work with a family of elderly people

1. Older people as a social community

2. The role of the family in the life of older people

3. The concept of state social policy in relation to senior citizens

4. The regulatory framework for social support for older people

5. Technology of social services for the elderly

Lecture No. 16 Service for social assistance to the family. Structure, Functions, Institutions

1. Social work in the system of social services

2. The system of social services: principles, functions, types and forms of activity

3. Institutions of social services for families: their types and specifics of activity

Lecture No. 17 Foreign experience of social protection of the family

1. Goals and methods of family social protection systems abroad

2. Family social support in Europe and North America

3. Social support of the family in the developed countries of Asia and the countries of the "third world"

4. Ways to solve the socio-economic problems of the family

To comprehensively overcome the negative trends in the living standards of the population, the Government has developed a long-term program for the country's socio-economic development. It emphasizes that the welfare of Russian citizens should be achieved mainly at their own expense and with their own efforts. It means: consumption growth must be provided with personal income.

The program outlines a significant increase in the consumer burden on personal incomes of Russians. Much of what families now get for free or on preferential terms will have to pay in the future. A significant increase in the costs of the economically active population will also be due to a reduction in state guarantees and the fullest possible mobilization of citizens' funds to pay for social benefits and services. What are these costs?

So, parents will have to spend significantly more on the education of their children. State guarantees of free education will be limited only to full secondary education. Further free will be selective and furnished with a number of difficult conditions. It’s easier to say that they will become mostly paid.

More funds will need to be directed to maintaining their health. It is planned to reduce state guarantees in health care. Their volume, unlike the sphere of education, is not clearly defined in the program. However, the line to reduce government bonds is being seen. The budget is supposed to cover expenses only for a narrow circle of socially significant diseases, the acquisition of particularly expensive equipment, new construction, mainly on a program basis.

We can expect a reduction in the basic program of medical and social insurance, which, according to the government, should cover the bulk of the types and volumes of free medical care. It is envisaged to transfer to voluntary insurance a part of the medical services and drug provision established by now compulsory insurance. Voluntary insurance of these services, of course, will require additional funds from the population. One should also expect an increase in personal expenses for health-improving services.

Significant costs will have to be borne by the maintenance of housing and communal services. The so-called housing compensation for the poor will not save the case. They will be reimbursed at the expense of other families. The bulk of the population will have to pay for most types of preferential consumption, fully or partially free benefits.

Thus, the growth of personal income should not only cover additional costs, but also provide an almost twofold increase in personal consumption.

What is the way proposed to achieve a higher level and a different structure of consumption? But in fact, a different quality of life!

The calculation was made to create a favorable business and investment climate, macroeconomic and structural policies. They will provide, according to the plan of the program developers, the able-bodied population with sufficient income. The strategy of modernization of the economy involves aligning the capabilities of the population within the various parts of the economic system.

However, one should not rely too much on the automatism of the influence of economic conditions, on the growth of living standards of the bulk of the population. It is known that in a market environment, the distribution of income can generate “excessive” population, increase inequality, and the corporate community only deepens it.

From all this it follows that the conditions created must be supported by the income policy, that is, by the development of methods for turning opportunities into reality.

So, an important task of social policy is to establish the trajectory of change and the ratio of the main sources of income. Behind this is the attitude of the state towards the welfare of various sectors of society: employees, entrepreneurs, owners, as well as people living on social benefits.

The main problem is that in the last decade there is a process of depreciation of labor. About half of those employed now receive wages below the subsistence level.

To achieve the personal consumption growth planned in the program, the purchasing power of wages must be increased, according to expert estimates, by at least 2.5 times, bearing in mind that in 2000 it amounted to approximately 32% of the 1990 level. If however, to limit the increase in wages at a rate consistent with the anticipated increase in labor productivity, this will make it possible to bring its level to only 60% of the 1990 level, which will not provide the bulk of the population with the intended consumption.

Thus, if on average real cash incomes need to be increased by about 2 times (which is also provided for in the program), then the increase in the level of wages should be much higher.

It follows from the draft program that the strategic goal in the field of reducing social inequality is to increase the total share of income of middle-income groups of the population, and to form an independent middle class that ensures stable mass domestic demand. However, its achievement also does not happen by itself.

According to experts, in the 90s the share of people with average incomes decreased by about three times and in 2000 amounted to about 15% of the total population. Without the effective levers outlined in the program, average growth rates of real cash incomes can be achieved, but not at the expense of medium-income groups, but by increasing the minimum incomes of poor groups of the population and their very high level among rich Russians.

In order to achieve a restoration of living standards in the next decade for the majority of the population achieved at the turn of the 90s, as well as the formation of a new quality, a life corresponding to a social market economy, the transformation of living conditions should be directed to address the followingmajor tasks:

The increase in the real price of labor, the activation of motives and incentives for labor and entrepreneurial activity, the restoration in the new conditions of the connection of income with the growth of labor productivity and productivity of entrepreneurship;

Prevention of further destruction of the minimum social guarantees of the population. Provision of a living wage to all those in need through an active state policy of income redistribution;

The transition from partial stabilization of the standard of living of the population to stabilization is mainly (among the main social groups; by most components of the standard of living; in the predominant part of the regions).

This will require: effective state regulation of the labor market and, above all, employment.State regulation of the labor market should be considered not in a narrow sense (as the ratio of the number of vacancies and job seekers), but as a complex problem of including individual labor in the process of social reproduction.

Employment must be linked to the balance of labor and jobs. It is necessary to determine the parameters for ensuring full employment, to characterize the requirements for increasing its effectiveness; the extent and form of underemployment, which is an important condition for the effectiveness of employment. It will be necessary to analyze the tendencies of the population’s behavior on the labor market and changes in the structure of employment depending on the dynamics of various forms of ownership, sources and level of income of the population, especially on wage policies, income from capital and business activities. The law on employment should not focus on social support for the unemployed, but on expanding modern areas of employment, increasing its productivity, outstripping professional training and retraining of workers.

An important place should be assigned to the system of measures to regulate unemployment, to determine its natural level, and the extent caused by the decline in production, including the hidden part. Ways to overcome unemployment caused by a drop in production depend on the characteristics of certain categories of the population, especially women and youth. The introduction of flexible forms of employment can help reduce female unemployment. For young people, a solution to this problem can be achieved by expanding the scope of educational services. The social protection of the unemployed should be based on professional retraining and participation in public works for a period of temporary unemployment.

An important place in practical social policy should be given to the peculiarities of the formation of the all-Russian and regional labor markets, the regulation of employment in territories with a shortage and excess of labor resources.

Raising the level of wages. It is necessary to provide for not just an increase in its size, but an increase in the purchasing power of wages. For the foreseeable future, the task of restoring the purchasing power of wages to the level that was reached at the turn of the 90s could be put forward. For this, the purchasing power of wages must be increased 2.5 times. This will require a corresponding recovery in GDP, that is, it is associated with economic growth.

Due to the magnitude of such a shift on the way to it, it is advisable to single out the stage of restoring the economically sound level of purchasing power of wages. This refers to the level that would be possible at the actual rate of change in GDP over the years. In order to restore the economically feasible level of purchasing power of wages, it (by analogy with the relative level of GDP in comparable prices for one employed in the economy) should be 67% of the 1990 level with the actual 32% in 2000. For this, the purchasing power of payment labor must be increased by about 1.7 times relative to its level in 1998

Measures to increase the purchasing power of wages should combine a systematic review of nominal wages with its indexing in the intervals between these decisions. This is due to the need to maintain the purchasing power of wages in conditions of high inflation.

A comparison of the number and dynamics of population groups with salaries below the minimum and above the high-income consumer budget is an important indicator of the effectiveness of the socio-economic policy.

Social Security Transformation.To increase the level of social security, it is necessary to implement major general economic measures:

1. Overcoming hidden pay is one of the cardinal sources of replenishment of insurance premiums. According to experts, the amount of unearned contributions in connection with hidden wages annually amounts to more than half of the contributions paid. This money would be enough to cover the entire need for the payment of temporary disability benefits, or more than three times to cover the need for the payment of benefits:

maternity,

at the birth of the child and care for him until reaching 1.5 years.

2. Improving the tax system. Decrease in the share of contributions, taxes and fees in the revenue of organizations. It is necessary to take measures to reduce the premium rate as a result of a set of measures to expand the base of premiums and increase the targeting of insurance benefits.

An important role will be played by the specification of the pension reform provided for in our country. This specification will require the development of additional pension benefits, as well as special pension systems for workers in free professions, farmers and other categories of self-employed people.

The organization of social security as a mixed system does not exclude, but rather, involves the formulation of very specific tasks for targeted support of the population.

Targeted social support of the population.The right to receive state social assistance must be linked with the requirements of the Federal Laws of the Russian Federation “On the Living Wage in the Russian Federation” and “On State Social Assistance”, the last of which should be significantly specified and include all types of payments, and in-kind provision of goods and services with taking into account need. In the process of implementing these laws, it is necessary to gradually move on to determining the cost of living for families of various types and sizes (full, incomplete, families of pensioners, disabled people, etc.), which will allow more accurate consideration of their living conditions and increase the targeting of social support for specific categories of the population.

Different living conditions in the territories imply different possibilities for organizing social support.

Investments in the social sphere.The development of the sphere of livelihoods requires the priority of a larger volume of investments in housing, healthcare, education, culture, science and other branches of social infrastructure. To do this, it is necessary to accelerate the development of social standards for housing, the development of a network of medical, educational and cultural institutions.

Sources of financing social infrastructure, along with traditional sources, could be the means of the population accumulated to create financial mechanisms for long-term lending, mortgages and other collateral. For these purposes, it is advisable to channel the funds of funded insurance funds against state guarantees for their return and funds from regional and local budgets formed through housing, educational, bond loans and other financial mechanisms.

Of particular relevance is the rapid development of education. To do this, invest in it the appropriate resources.

The implementation of the planned measures will be successful in the event of the interaction of public associations, entrepreneurs and the state. This will restore the confidence of the people in the authorities, direct resources to a nationwide revival.

The guidelines put forward in the government program in the field of income and living standards of the population need more substantiation and concretization. The development of the concept of raising the level and quality of life could contribute to this.

Questions for self-control

What types of families distinguish modern science and practice?

Describe the main socio-economic problems of the modern family.

Which of these problems are the most difficult for a modern family?

What solutions are outlined in the program of socio-economic development of the country, developed by the Government of the Russian Federation?

What tasks need to be solved in order to restore the standard of living of the Russian population?

What will be required to restore the living standards of the population in the next ten years?

Literature

Arkhangelsky V. Ya. On the issue of family policy and social support for families in the Russian Federation // Family in Russia, 1994, No. 1.

Breeva E. B. The program of social work with the unemployed and their families. M., 1994.

Darmodekhin S.V.State family policy: principles of formation and implementation // Family in Russia, 1995, № 3-4.

4. Matskovsky M.S.Russian family in a changing world // Family in Russia, 1995, No. 3-4

Most often, they are expressed in the mismatch of consumer opportunities and needs in a global format. Economics as a science identifies several major problems that have a critical impact on the economic activities of countries and the global economic space.

Limited resources with unlimited needs

The needs of the world community and specific states are constantly growing. In such conditions, the problem arises of how, having limited resources, to meet the growing needs, contrary to consumer desires with the prospect of reducing their volumes.

The resources in the framework of this economic problem are not only material values \u200b\u200band minerals, but also the intellectual abilities of people, production capacities and means of production, knowledge, time and other factors. Limited resources in a global format with constant technological development and the growing needs of end-users of goods and services can provoke a global economic crisis.

Community issues

One of the problems of the economy is the negative processes taking place within society, such as social inequality, political contradictions, unemployment, food shortages, demographic decline, armed clashes, and other upheavals in society, affecting large sections of the population.

A society in a state of conflict, regardless of its form and cause, is incapable of efficient and rational economic development, which inevitably leads to the oppression of the economic activity of a particular state and its partners. As a rule, all intra-social problems are interconnected, so the property stratification of society provokes social tension affecting the broad masses of the population.

Corruption

In the 21st century, corruption became the most important economic problem, which acquired a transnational character. This phenomenon hinders economic growth and is contrary to the interests of society, since corruption leads to the individual enrichment of a particular person or group of interested persons. The negative consequences of corruption include:

• Ineffective and irrational use of state capital and resources.
• Violation of investment flows, their loss.
• Slowdown in productivity, public administration.
• Creation of negative political conditions, social inequality.
• The development of the criminal community.

Energy issues

In the modern world, energy resources are not just a highly liquid financial instrument, it is the most important factor in the development of economic activity and the existence of society. Oil, gas, nuclear energy, electricity and coal ensure the viability of all sectors of the economy, being both a resource of production and its final product.

An increase in the consumption of energy resources provokes both economic development, especially for the countries exporting them, and creates dependence on external factors for the states importing them. The resulting shortage of energy resources can lead to the collapse of energy-dependent industries, which can destroy not only the economy of a particular state, but the entire planet. Energy issues have some of the most severe consequences for global economic activity.

Environmental problems

The potential of the economic sphere is formed by the state of the environment. Ecology and climate are key to the development of the global economy. The negative consequences of environmental problems are:

• Reduction of agricultural land, lower fertility.
• Creating environmental conditions that are unacceptable for the life and work of people.
• Decrease in production efficiency.
• Environmental pollution, destruction of the ozone layer.
• Inability to extract resources.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Macroeconomics

Social problems of Russia and alternative solutions

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE ORIGIN OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS

1.2 Types of social problems and social policy of the state

CHAPTER 2. BASIC SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF RUSSIA AND ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF THEIR SOLUTION

2.1 Rating social problems

2.2 Poverty, Poverty

2.2 Corruption

2.3 Demographic crisis

2.4 Alternative solutions to social problems

CONCLUSION

LIST OF SOURCES USED

ANNEX 1

introduction

Today, at the beginning of the XXI century, our country has appeared at the next historical crossroads. As a hundred years ago, as a result of incomplete and largely unsuccessfully implemented reforms in society, an unstable situation developed in which many serious contradictions were not properly resolved and continue to grow, including in an implicit form, inevitably bringing closer the moment of their conscious or spontaneous permissions. At the same time, the process of awareness and scientific understanding of these contradictions clearly lags behind their appearance and maturation, which increases the risk of losing control of the situation and developing it according to a spontaneous destructive scenario. In the 1990s, Russia experienced unprecedented compared with the Soviet era differences in both current incomes and consumption of the population, as well as in its provision with real estate and durable goods. As a result, social stratification has intensified in the country, which is expressed not only in quantitative parameters. The new populations that have formed (rich, middle classes, middle and low-income) have formed their own lifestyles. Moreover, in the years of growth, despite favorable average economic indicators, the differences between these structures continued to deepen.

The processes of social reform in Russia indicate an increase in the relevance and importance of social transformations. Further advances towards the formation of a civilized market is practically impossible without solving the accumulated problems and contradictions in the social sphere, as well as without the necessary marketing of its industries. The desire to advance only in the financial and economic sector of reforms - liberalization of the rules of economic life without taking into account the whole complex of social realities - has led to a "lag in social rear areas." It was mistakenly believed that economic transformations should be carried out first, and then, when the economy is firmly on its feet under market conditions, the turn will come to the person with all his small and big worries. But the economy then stands on one foot; and instead of mobilizing the social energy of the people on a massive scale, there is a waste of previously accumulated professional and intellectual, spiritual and physical potential.

Thus, the relevance of identifying and finding ways to solve Russia's social problems lies in the fact that the social support system, which is based on universal social transfers, subsidies on goods and services, as well as categorical benefits, is fundamentally unable to solve the problem of redistributing resources in favor of the most needy groups population. In the context of increased underfunding of social programs, this problem has become especially acute, including political. The social environment is not a “receptacle of economic events”, on the contrary - the whole space is a single and simultaneous socio-economic process.

The main goal of the study is to study the social problems most significant for Russia and to search for alternative ways to solve them

To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved:

1. To consider the theoretical foundations of the concept of social problem, social policy of the state;

2. To identify social problems specific to Russian society;

3. To analyze the main social problems of Russia and suggest alternative ways to solve social problems

The work consists of introduction, two chapters, 5 tables and 6 figures, conclusion, list of references and 1 appendix.

Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects social problems

1.1 History of the concept of "social problem"

Social problems of society are issues and situations that directly or indirectly affect a person and, from the point of view of the whole or a significant number of community members, are quite serious problems that require collective efforts to overcome them.

The idea that social problems exist in society seems as old as humanity itself. This is actually not the case. Although difficulties and suffering can be found in any society in any historical period, the idea that they are social problems for which something can and should be undertaken is relatively recent. Researchers argue that awareness of social problems - a general tendency to see and condemn the conditions of misfortunes that happen to strangers, not close people, the determination to change these conditions - could not appear before a unique set of four ideas appeared in Western Europe at the end of the 18th century: the old idea of \u200b\u200bequality and new ideas the natural perfection of man, the variability of social conditions and humanism.

The most significant role in recognizing the existence of social problems in Western modern society (i.e., the modern era) was played by:

1) secular rationalism, the essence of which was the conceptual translation of problems and conditions from the ancient theological context of good and evil into the rationalist context of analytical understanding and control;

2) humanism as a gradual expansion and institutionalization of a sense of compassion. Sociology: textbook / Ed. S.A. Erofeeva, L.R. Nizamova. 2nd ed., Revised. and add. Kazan: Kazan Publishing House. University, 2001.S. 262-282 ..

The very phrase “social problem” itself appeared in Western European societies at the beginning of the 19th century and was originally used to denote one specific problem - the uneven distribution of wealth. The concept of a social problem as an undesirable situation that can and should be changed is used later in Western societies when trying to comprehend the social consequences of the industrial revolution: the growth of cities, and with it the growth of urban slums, the destruction of traditional ways of life, the erosion of social landmarks. In the United States, the concept of a social problem began to be used at the end of the Civil War of 1861-1865, which caused a sharp deterioration in the living conditions of most of the population. In England, a significant role in realizing the existence of social problems was played by the data of statistical surveys that appeared by the end of the 19th century. Statistical descriptions of the poverty of some sections of the British population, presented primarily by C. Booth and B. S. Rowntree, hit the British public. According to C. Booth C. Booth C. Life and Labor of the People in London, London, 1889-1891, published in 1889, one third of Londoners lived in terrible poverty. In London, according to C. Booth, there were 387 thousand poor, 22 thousand undernourished and 300 thousand starving. Similar data cited by B.S. Rountry in relation to the working population of the English city of York, a third of which was in a state of physical or absolute poverty.

“Each social problem,” writes Fuller and Myers, “consists of an objective condition and a subjective definition ... Social problems are what people consider social problems.” Fuller R., Myers R. History of a social problem // Contexts of the Present-2 : Reader. Kazan, 1998. S. 55. Fuller and Myers also proposed the concept of the stages of the existence of a social problem, which consists in the fact that social problems do not arise immediately as something final, ripe, enjoying the attention of the public and causing an adequate policy for their solution. On the contrary, they reveal a temporary order of development in which various phases or stages can be distinguished, such as: 1) the stage of awareness, 2) the stage of determining policy, 3) the stage of reform. Thus, the social problem is understood by them as something that is always in a dynamic state of "becoming." Constructionism presupposes a fundamentally different set of questions compared to objectivism with which the researcher of social problems must be asked. So, for example, from the perspective of the traditional objectivist approach to homelessness, questions about the number of homeless people in a city, region or society, types of homelessness, why people become homeless, what is the role of alcohol consumption in the homeless subculture, etc. are important.

The constructionist is interested in whether homelessness is a social problem, that is, whether it is a matter of concern and discussion by the public, whose claim-requirements make homelessness a matter of public attention, how these statements typify the homeless, what is done to make these statements look convincing, how the public and politicians react to these statements-requirements, how these statements change over time, in other words, what their fate is, and therefore the fate of the social problem of homelessness Best J. A constructionist approach to the study of social problems // Contexts of the Present - 2: An anthology. Kazan, 1998. P. 80. The study of the social problem of homelessness in Russia involves, in particular, an analysis of the activities of organizations such as Doctors Without Borders, Nochlezhka Foundation Website of the Nochlezhka Foundation / http://www.nadne.ru and some others, by their actions directly or indirectly drawing attention to the situation of the homeless in Russian society and, thus, constructing this problem. One of the strengths of constructionism is also that this approach, refusing to understand social problems as static conditions, suggests considering them as a sequence of certain events that constitute the activity of putting forward claims-requirements. Such an interpretation is much more consistent with the procedural nature of social reality. As a result of this, the constructionist approach allows social problems to be most closely integrated into the context of a transforming society. From this point of view, social problems in Russian society of the last decade have arisen as a result of certain transformational shifts, such as the opening of channels of interaction, through which it is possible to make claims and claims regarding certain conditions, such as liberalization of the media, the emergence of constitutional guarantees of the right to free search, receipt, transmission, production and dissemination of information by any legal means, as well as freedom of activity of public associations and the right to peaceful assembly, rallies and demonstrations; development of services for the study of public opinion, etc. Sociology: textbook / Ed. S.A. Erofeeva, L.R. Nizamova. 2nd ed., Revised. and add. Kazan: Kazan Publishing House. University, 2001.S. 262-282 ..

So, traditionally, social problems were understood and understood as some “objective” social conditions - undesirable, dangerous, threatening, opposite to the nature of a “socially healthy”, “normally” functioning society.

Social problems can be global in nature, affecting the interests of a significant part of humanity. So, demographic, environmental, industrial, food, energy and other problems are now becoming global in nature, and their resolution requires the participation of most states of our planet.

Social problems may concern the interests of individual or several social systems. For example, social crises that extend to individual countries, national-ethnic communities, associations, blocs or groups. Problems can extend to certain areas of the life of a group of people or individuals. These may be problems covering the socio-economic, socio-political, spiritual, or actually social spheres of human life.

One of the most important ways to solve the problem is to accurately determine it. There is even an opinion that a correctly posed problem is half its solution. Therefore, if the problem is correctly formulated, then, firstly, it allows you to choose the right way to search for the missing information; secondly, it provides the necessary set of tools for social impact.

1.2 Types of social problems and social policy of the state

social problem crisis poverty

Changes in the level and quality of life of the Russian population over the past 20 years have transformed into acute socio-economic problems that have had no less acute demographic consequences. Among them:

A catastrophic decline in income and material security of the bulk of the population;

A high proportion of the poor with an extremely poor definition of poverty;

Unprecedented polarization of living conditions;

Significant unemployment and non-payment of earnings;

The degradation of social security and the actual destruction of the social sphere, including housing and communal services.

All this could not but affect the state of the population, its natural decline and depopulation began, the quality of the population decreased, and an ineffective model of external and internal migration developed.

Currently, the most acute social problems in Russia include the following:

Poverty, Social Inequality, Standard of Living

Unemployment

Children's homelessness

Inflation

Corruption

Addiction

High mortality rate

Terrorism

The threat of technological disasters

Crime, etc.

Consider some of the social problems that are characteristic of Russian society in more detail:

Poverty is a characteristic of the economic situation of an individual or a social group in which they cannot satisfy a certain range of minimum needs necessary for life, preservation of working ability, and procreation. Poverty is a relative concept and depends on the general standard of living standards in a given society. Poverty is the result of diverse and interrelated causes that unite in the following groups:

Economic (unemployment, low wages, low labor productivity, uncompetitiveness of the industry),

Socio-medical (disability, old age, high incidence),

Demographic (single-parent families, a large number of dependents in the family),

Educational qualifications (low level of education, insufficient professional training),

Political (military conflicts, forced migration),

Regional-geographical (uneven development of regions).

Inflation (lat. Inflatio - bloating) - an increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. With inflation for the same amount of money after some time, it will be possible to buy less goods and services than before. In this case, they say that over the past time the purchasing power of money has decreased, money has depreciated - they have lost part of their real value.

Corruption (from lat. Corrumpere - to corrupt, lat. Corruptio - bribery, spoilage) - a term that usually refers to the use by an official of his authority and the rights entrusted to him, as well as the authority, opportunities and connections associated with this official status personal benefit, contrary to law and moral principles. Corruption is also called bribery of officials, their venality.

The standard of living (the level of well-being) is the level of material well-being, characterized by the volume of real income per capita and the corresponding volume of consumption. In fact, the concept of a level of well-being is not identical with the concept of a standard of living. The standard of living is a broader concept and is characterized not only by the volume of real income per capita, but also by a number of non-monetary factors, such as:

The opportunity to do what you love;

Level of calm;

Health;

Habitat;

The amount of time lost;

The opportunity to spend time with loved ones, relax and relax.

In economics, the (general) standard of living is measured using indicators. Usually indicators are economic and social indicators. Often how such indicators are considered:

Average GDP per capita,

Gross national income (formerly gross national product),

Per capita income and other similar indicators in the economy.

The UN estimates the standard of living according to the HDI index, which is cited in its annual report on the development of mankind. According to the results of 2012, Belarus is at 50th place, Russia is at 55th place, Ukraine is at 78th, Kazakhstan is at 69th, Latvia is at 44th, Estonia is at 34th (the highest indicator in the post-Soviet space ) On the 1st place in 2013, Norway. On the 2nd - Australia, on the 3rd - the USA.

Social problems in a democratic state are solved by the government through social policy. Social policy - policy in the field of social development and social security; a system of measures undertaken by a business entity (usually the state) aimed at improving the quality and standard of living of certain social groups, as well as the study of issues related to such policies, including historical, economic, political, socio-legal and sociological aspects, as well as examination of cause and effect relationships in the field of social issues. However, it should be borne in mind that there is no established opinion as to what is meant by the expression “social policy”. So, this term is often used in the sense of social administration in relation to those institutionalized (that is, fixed in the legal and organizational plan) social services that are provided by the state. Some authors consider this use of the term erroneous.

The following are considered traditional areas of social policy: education, healthcare, housing, and social insurance (including retirement benefits and individual social services).

The instruments of the state social policy are social guarantees, standards, consumer budgets, the minimum wage and other threshold social constraints. Social guarantees are provided on a legislative basis, fixing the duties and responsibilities of both the state to citizens and citizens to the state. As a priority, funds are allocated for the implementation of federal programs to support families and children, the disabled and the elderly, health, development of educational and cultural services. Significant cash resources are concentrated in the following extrabudgetary social funds: pension, employment, social insurance, medical insurance.

Social standards are a means of ensuring citizens' rights in the field of social guarantees provided for by the Constitution. They are also needed to determine financial standards. State minimum social standards are developed on a single legal basis and general methodological principles. For example, decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation establish the cost of living per capita on the proposal of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation and the State Committee on Statistics of the Russian Federation. This indicator is used to assess the standard of living of the population, in the development and implementation of social policies, federal social programs, justification of the minimum wage and minimum old-age pension, as well as to determine the size of scholarships, allowances and other social benefits and budgeting at all levels. The minimum consumer budget serves as the basis for planning support for the poor during the economic crisis, and is also used to calculate the minimum wage, pensions. In the variant of the increased standard, it ensures the normal reproduction of the workforce, and in the variant of the lower standard, it is an indicator of the living (physiological) minimum. The living wage is the minimum income, one of the most important tools of social policy. With its help, the standard of living of the population is estimated, incomes are regulated, it is taken into account in social payments. The cost of living is the cost estimate of the minimum scientifically based set of food products, non-food products and services necessary to maintain human health and support human life at a certain level of economic development. It includes the cost of food based on the minimum consumption, the cost of non-food goods and services, as well as taxes and mandatory payments.

The state also determined the legislative volume of guaranteed social services provided on a free and preferential basis. The threshold values \u200b\u200bof indicators for science, education, culture, and health are being developed; they are taken as a basis in calculating the financing volumes of these sectors. According to the Declaration of the Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen, pensions, benefits and other types of social assistance must ensure a standard of living not lower than the living wage established by law.

The basis of the state’s social policy is the social doctrine of the development and formation of Russian society. Social doctrine is the most general methodological idea of \u200b\u200bthe foundations of a transitional policy, revealing analytical and theoretical principles regarding the current social situation, key problems and contradictions in the social sphere, criteria for action in a transitional stage, the concept of a social program, mechanisms and methods for solving the most important social tasks.

The doctrine is the foundation of strategies formed by the state. We cannot but take into account the fact that the transformation processes today have a certain specificity, namely that the adaptation of the population to changing socio-economic conditions occurs against the backdrop of an acute civilization crisis characterized by a massive change in fundamental mechanisms and instruments of social regulation. The habitual norms of social relations are being destroyed, the system of values \u200b\u200bis changing, when old stereotypes are gradually discarded, and new ones are formed much more slowly.

The features of the current state of society determine the seven main principles of the Russian social doctrine, which defines the social concept of the country's development, its social policy and the corresponding action programs. Rimashevskaya N.M. "Reforming the social sphere of Russia: problems, the search for solutions." 2012. // Information and analytical portal "Socpolitika"

The first principle is the optimal combination of liberalism and social guarantees.

The second principle is a radical increase in labor motivation, focused on all groups as a whole and each segment of the population individually.

The third principle is that the central place among social institutions today is occupied by the family, which has a decisive influence not only on the demographic processes in society, but also on the state of social capital. It is organically interconnected with the family, through the formation of human health.

The fourth principle includes the revitalization of local government and civil society organizations (charities and social initiatives). Along with relying on the family, social policy is called upon to support the restoration and renewal of specialized institutions based on the values \u200b\u200bof freedom, human solidarity and mutual assistance. The need to mobilize people for social policy purposes requires that today, part of the work on the implementation of social programs be assigned to self-organizing institutions. In an entrepreneurial environment, it is necessary to formulate standards for a stable image, inextricably linked with charity, with free participation in social programs and humanitarian actions.

The fifth principle concerns the interaction of federal and regional efforts, the cardinal problem of which is the determination of their mutual responsibility. The severity of this problem is reinforced by the presence of a significant number of regions using federal subsidies.

The sixth principle relates to the technology of building a social program of action, as well as to the development of strategies and tactics in the framework of social policy. It is about the separation of events in time. The economic component of the reform has clearly shown that a hasty solution to such large-scale and complex problems multiplies the negative consequences that, in fact, accompany any transformation. All the more serious and cautious, with a lot of preliminary study and testing, one should relate to the transformation of the social sphere, which concerns, without exception, every citizen of the country.

The seventh principle. The gender and national-ethnic aspects of the population should be strictly taken into account. This refers to the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, as well as ensuring equal opportunities for social activity and the socio-cultural development of ethnic groups. Social policy as its integral components should include gender and national-ethnic components. Concrete steps and stages of the transformation of the social sphere include correlation with gender asymmetry and the state of individual ethnic groups in the country.

Chapter 2. The main social problems of Russia and alternative solutions

2.1 Rating social problems

According to a VTsIOM survey conducted in early 2012, as a result of which 1,600 people were polled in 140 settlements in 42 regions, territories and republics of Russia, this is how the ratings of significance of the main social problems of modern Russia look (see table 2.1.).

Table 2.1.- VTsIOM survey results. VTsIOM poll results. finance. sociology world of measurements3 / 2012

Which of the following problems do you consider most important for yourself personally, for the country as a whole:
inflation, rising prices for goods and services
unemployment
alcoholism, drug addiction
corruption and red tape
standards of living
crime
health situation
pension provision
situation in the sphere of housing and communal services
economic crisis
youth situation
delayed payroll
demographic situation (birth rate, mortality)
the influence of the oligarchs on the economic and political life of the country
russia's position in the world
national security
educational situation
democracy and human rights
terrorism
state of morality
situation in the army
ecology and environment
relations with the CIS countries
interethnic and interfaith relations
implementation of national projects
extremism, fascism
energy security

In this list of urgent problems, what worries people personally differs significantly from what they think is significant for the country as a whole (these representations are made up of statements by officials in the media). According to this criterion, the ratings presented in the 2nd and 3rd columns of the table are different. Price increases seem equally significant for themselves and for the country; unemployment at the beginning of 2009 did not affect all, and government officials promised even greater growth; For some reason, alcoholism with drug addiction in the polls merged into one problem, and for themselves, people do not put the degree of importance of these problems as high as it is positioned by the first persons of the country. The population itself assesses the level of their own life more negatively than this indicator looks according to official estimates, while at the same time, demographic problems — low birth rates and high mortality — are difficult for people to individually measure on their own: people do not put these problems on a personal rating very high and relates to the problems of the whole society.

On the whole, the data of a sociological survey showed that public opinion is the result of the information and propaganda activities of the authorities: that the authorities consider the problem to be seen by the people as a problem. Many problems simply do not fall into the field of view of the population - they are not on TV.

If we study the issue according to statistical data, then the picture is different. The list of real problems of society over the past ten years is as follows - although it is difficult to say which of them are the most acute and which are less.

Obviously, poverty is leading in one of the richest countries in the world. Probably one of the reasons for this is corruption. The following should be called alcoholization of the country, the spread of drugs, the HIV / AIDS epidemic, the spread of tuberculosis, child homelessness and, in general, the extinction of the population.

It cannot be said that information about real social problems is now unavailable, as in Soviet times, when, for example, data on the number of psychiatric or tuberculous patients were classified. The reports of the Ministry of Health and Social Development, Rosstat and RAMS are available on the Internet, but they are not disseminated by the media, and an ordinary person has little chance of learning about them.

Such data - medical, statistical and sociological - allow us to identify the main social diseases. It should be noted that the ranking of social problems - an assessment of relative importance, severity - is a very complex process, since most of the problems are interdependent, arise from one another, some are of a short-term nature, others are long-term or historically inherent in our people. Therefore, social problems are considered further without evaluating their relative importance.

2. 2 Poverty, poverty

In the list of problems highlighted by the population, poverty is in the lead, people indicate it as the most acute in public opinion polls. Over the past ten years, the growth of incomes of the entire population “on average” was ensured by the growth of the incomes of the richest fifth of the population and, above all, the very top of society, accounting for half a percent. Three quarters of the population during this time only became poorer; only 15–20% of the population can be considered a slowly growing “middle class”. According to UN criteria, 20-30% of the population live in poverty, and three quarters of Russia's population live in poverty. Unlike Western countries, we didn’t “leak” incomes from rich to poor rather - “poor poor, rich rich”. The gap between the richest strata - the top 10% of the population - and the poorest 10% is, according to various estimates, 15-20 times. The main reason for poverty, obviously, is not the poverty of the country richest in mineral resources, but the economic policy of the ruling class. Over the past ten years, the main "poorer" parameters of economic policy have been mothballed. First of all, the official minimum wage level, the minimum wage, is set at ten times lower than in developed countries: we have this minimum of 120 euros, in France - 1200 euros, in Ireland - 1300 euros. From this modest base, benefits, benefits, fines, average salaries, and pensions are calculated. Accordingly, businesses are allowed to pay an average salary of $ 500 a month, which, again, is several times less than in Europe and America. Hence the beggarly pensions - less than 25% of the average salary (in contrast to 44%, as in Europe). In addition, all the minimum incomes supported by the state are calculated from the “living basket” of 1991, which assumes only physical survival. All subsequent increases in the cost of living only somehow prevented the extinction of the poorest layers.

The main shameful feature of Russian poverty is the adult able-bodied people, working or unemployed, whose salaries and benefits are below the subsistence level, they make up 30% of all the poor. In addition, Russian poverty has a “child face”: 61% of all poor families are families with children. With all the calls of the authorities to young families to give birth to more children, in reality the birth of a child, and even more so two, plunges the young family into a state of poverty or poverty.

Studies by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2012 show that 59% of Russia's population is poor. The middle class in the country, determined by European methods, is only 6-8%. Moreover, the peculiarities of the stratum of the Russian poor are such that only a social state can help them. This indicator is also striking: only 19% of Russians have a computer at home.

A large-scale study of Russian society was carried out by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Its main findings are given in the book “Russian Society as It Is”, “Russian Society as It Is,” publ. New 2011 Chronograph. Sociologists have divided Russian society into 10 strata (Figure 2.1.).

Figure 2.1- The standard of living of the population of Russia in average monthly income per family member, 2012, in%

The criteria for determining strata, including the average monthly income per family member, were taken. To get into the category of the poor, it was necessary to have less than 5801 rubles per person, low-income - 7562 rubles, relatively prosperous - from 14363 rubles per month.

The first 2 strata are people below the poverty line and the poverty line. Those in Russia - 16%. The third and fourth strata are Russians balancing on the brink of poverty and low-income. Their 43% of the population. Researchers emphasize that the fourth stratum (low-income) is characterized by the so-called “Modal”, or the most typical standard of living of a Russian. In total, these four strata, whose representatives can be united in one word “poor”, make up 59% of the country's population. Four more strata - from the fifth to the eighth - account for 33%: this is the so-called. "Middle layers of Russian society." Finally, the 9th and 10th strata are the so-called “Wealthy Russians” (the term researchers), there are 6-8% of them. By the standards of Western countries, they are more likely to belong to the middle and upper middle class. If we proceed from the “method by contradiction”, then, according to the terminology of these sociologists, 92-94% of Russians can be classified as “dysfunctional” layers.

At the same time, real disposable cash income (income minus compulsory payments adjusted for the consumer price index), according to preliminary data, in 2012. in comparison with 2011 increased by 4.2% in December 2012 in comparison with the corresponding period of the previous year - by 4.9%. (Table 2.2)

Table 2.2- Real disposable cash income and expenses of the population of Russia, 2011-2012 Electronic version of the publication. "Russia" 2013. Statistical reference "//http://www.gks.ru/

In December 2012 cash incomes of the population amounted to 4,979.9 billion rubles and increased compared to December 2011. by 10.4%, cash expenditures of the population - 4,695.6 billion rubles, respectively, and by 11.2%. The excess of household income over expenses amounted to 284.3 billion rubles.

In the structure of cash incomes of the population at the end of 2012 in comparison with the corresponding period of 2011 the share of income from property and remuneration (including hidden wages) increased while the income from entrepreneurial activity and social payments decreased.

However, the positive growth in cash incomes of the population practically did not affect the total amount of cash incomes of the population, which in 2011-2012. distributed as follows (Table 2.3)

Table 2.3- Distribution of the total population Money income,% Electronic version of the publication. "Russia" 2013. Statistical reference "//http://www.gks.ru/

			Dynamics
Cash income
including 20 percent of the population: first (with the lowest income)
the fourth
fifth (with the highest incomes)

Thus, the total amount of cash income increased in the group of people with the highest incomes, and among the population with the lowest incomes and low-income population, an increase in the total amount of cash income was practically not reflected. According to preliminary data, in 2012, 10% of the richest population accounted for 30.8% of total cash income (in 2011, 30.7%), and 10% of the poorest population accounted for 1.9% (1 , 9%) (Table 2.4).

Table 2.4 - the Distribution of the population by per capita cash income, in% of the total population

		For reference 2011
Whole population
including per capita cash income per month, rubles
over 45,000.0
1) Preliminary data.

Poverty in Russia is currently largely dependent on such characteristics as the type of settlement, age, household characteristics, etc. Socio-demographic characteristics determine the nature and scale of Russian spending, affect life chances in the field of consumption and the labor market.

The number of economically active population in December 2012 amounted to 75.3 million people, or more than 53% of the total population of the country, including 71.3 million people, or 94.7% of the economically active population were employed in the economy and 4.0 million people (5, 3%) had no occupation, but actively searched for it (in accordance with the methodology of the International Labor Organization, they are classified as unemployed). In state institutions of the employment service, 1.1 million people were registered as unemployed. The electronic version of the publication. "Russia" 2013. Statistical Reference "//http://www.gks.ru/ (Figure 2.2).

Fig. 2.2- The proportion of unemployed in Russia, 2012, in%

The average age of the unemployed in 2012 was 35.1 years. Young people under 25 make up 28.3% of the unemployed, people aged 50 and over - 17.9% (Fig. 2.3)

Figure 2.3- The structure of unemployed citizens of Russia. 2012, in%

The main factors affecting the standard of living in Russian conditions are the type of settlement in the place of current residence and during the period of primary socialization, the nature of the dependency load and the type of household as a whole, the state of health of the individual and his age (the latter, however, only matters when we are talking about pre-retirement and retirement age). In developed countries, the influence of these factors on the life chances and living standards of the population is largely offset by social policy measures: building an effective healthcare system and pension provision, demographic policy measures, etc. In Russia, part of social inequalities arising under the influence of socio-demographic factors is not even indicated (for example, inequalities associated with the place of socialization), but those that are indicated (inequalities associated with health status, pension status, dependent load on children, etc. .) are not well regulated. Although in the conditions of favorable economic conditions over the past six years, the level of well-being of the Russian population as a whole has grown, the situation of all socio-demographic groups at high risk of poverty and low incomes has deteriorated relatively, and for some (single-parent families, pensioners' households, etc. ) fell sharply. This suggests that during the period of the economic crisis, the situation with the living standards of these groups of Russians will deteriorate at a faster pace and that they will increasingly make up the poor and poor.

2. 3 Corruption

The topic of corruption for Russians is a subject of special attention and attitude. Corruption, in fact, is not a separate social problem. This is a systemic disease of society, an inborn vice of the new political economy system, the basis of the relationship between government and business within the government itself. Over the past decade, corruption has increased tenfold, however, it increased in the 90s. It is the corruption-prone nature of the problem, the expected “rollback” that determines its solution or not the solution: if it is holding some kind of world championship in Russia, then success is guaranteed, if the problem of homelessness there is little chance of a solution.

According to the head of the Investigative Committee of the Prosecutor’s Office A. Bastrykin, the amount of damage caused by corrupt officials, customs officers, prosecutors and police officers — this is only on the investigated criminal cases — approached the 1 trillion rubles “Statistics of corruption in Russia” Anti-Corruption Commission / 2013 / / http://kpbsk.ru/korruptsiya-v-rossii/statistika-korruptsii-v-rossii.html. At the same time, the largest number of corruption-related crimes were committed in the areas of law enforcement, control and audit, and in local governments. According to K. Kabanov, chairman of the National Anti-Corruption Committee, the total amount of real corruption damage is 9-10 trillion rubles. in year. This is what concerns corruption in the upper echelons of power.

On the whole, the average size of a bribe in 2012 compared with 2011 tripled and exceeded 27 thousand rubles. Over the past year, a third of the population at least once bribed. In the list of “non-corruption” Russia is on the 146th place in the world, which shares with Ukraine, Kenya, Zimbabwe. Only Afghanistan, Iraq, Chad and Somalia are worse in this regard.

The number of corruption-related crimes increased by almost a quarter in 2012, according to the report of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation Yury Chaika on the state of law and order in 2012 received by the Federation Council. “The number of registered corruption crimes increased last year compared to the previous year by 22.5% and amounted to 49513, while in 2011 - 40407” “The number of corruption crimes increased” Report of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation Yuri Chaika ”“ RAPSI ”http: / /korrossia.ru/, - the document says. More than 13.5 thousand people have been prosecuted.

The structure of corruption crime continues to be dominated by fraud, misappropriation or embezzlement committed with the use of official position. At the same time, the number of crimes such as a crime against state power, the interests of public services and service in local government decreased. Also, the report notes, “causing concern” is a decrease in the number of recorded facts of both giving and receiving a bribe.

Corruption has long (several centuries) become an integral part of the national mentality, the desire not to act according to the law, but to “decide matters” is inculcated with mother’s milk. Hence the interest in the fight against this phenomenon is understandable. The All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM) has provided another portion of the mood among the people about the fight against corruption. I do not know how much you can seriously believe in these figures, however, the results of the polls as of April 2013 were as follows: “Corruption statistics in Russia” Anti-Corruption Commission / 2013 // http://kpbsk.ru/korruptsiya- v-rossii / statistika-korruptsii-v-rossii.html:

Have you seen recent anti-corruption results?

Yes, a lot is being done in the country to fight corruption - 7%

There are results, but they are not too significant - 38%

No real results, everything remains as it was - 41%

The situation is getting worse, corruption is only getting worse - 11%

Difficult to answer - 3%

The damage from corruption is the amount illegally received by officials and the profit of businessmen as a result of a transaction. But in practice, the overwhelming majority of funding for solving social problems comes from the state budgets of various levels and, according to numerous estimates, as a result of competitions and tenders for the distribution of these funds, half of them go into a kickback to corrupt businessmen and officials. It turns out that half of the social part of the state budget does not fall as intended, i.e. stolen. It is not surprising that representatives of all socially oriented sectors of the economy, without exception, speak of "underfunding" of their areas of activity, it would be reasonable to add - "and plundering state funds."

2. 4 Demographic crisis

The demographic phenomenon, called the “Russian cross” in sociological terminology, was recorded in Russia in 1992, when the curve depicting mortality sharply went up and crossed the fertility line. Since then, mortality has exceeded the birth rate, sometimes one and a half times: we have become a country with European birth rates and African mortality. According to official forecasts, by 2025 the population will decrease to 130 million people, and according to some estimates, to 85 million. Russia is the only developed country to die out in peacetime. The main causes of record mortality are illnesses, including socially caused ones, murders and suicides, death on the roads, alcohol poisoning Bagirova A.P. Conceptual approaches to the formation of reproductive policy in the Russian Federation / A.P. Bagirova, M.G. Abilova // Nat. interests: priorities and security. - 2013. - N 3. - C.2-6 ..

According to estimates, the resident population of the Russian Federation as of December 1, 2012 amounted to 143.3 million people and from the beginning of the year increased by 276.2 thousand people, or 0.19% (an increase in the population was also observed at the corresponding date of the previous year by 156.6 thousand people, or 0.11%).

The increase in population in 2012 was due to natural and migration growth. At the same time, migration growth amounted to 98.3% of the total population growth. General characteristics of population reproduction in the Russian Federation in 2011-2012. presented in table. 2.5.

Table 2.5 - Indicators of vital movement of the Federal State Statistics Service. Demography / 2013 //http://www.gks.ru/

	January-November	For reference
		per 1000 population
			increase (+), decrease (-)			2012 VC 2011	population for 2011 as a whole
Born
of which children under the age of 1 year
Natural increase (+), decrease (-)
Of divorces
1) Hereinafter in the section, indicators of monthly registration are given in terms of a year. In connection with the transition to extended birth criteria (order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated 12.27.2011 No. 1687n "On medical criteria for birth, the form of a birth certificate and the procedure for its issuance") in the registry office since April 2012. subject to registration of birth and death of newborns with extremely low body weight (from 500 to 1000 grams). 2) For 1000 births.

In 2012 in Russia there was an increase in the number of births (in 79 regions of the Russian Federation) and a decrease in the number of deaths (in 70 regions).

In the whole country in January-November 2012 the number of births exceeded the number of deaths by 4600 people. Moreover, in 43 subjects of the Russian Federation there is an excess of the number of deaths over the number of births, of which in 10 subjects of the Russian Federation it was 1.5-1.8 times.

Figure 2.5-The number of births and deaths, 2011-2012, thousand people Federal State Statistics Service. Demography / 2013 //http://www.gks.ru/

Natural population growth in January-November 2012 recorded in 40 regions of the Russian Federation (in January-November 2011 - in 28 regions).

Changes in the mortality rate of the Russian population due to diseases and external causes in 2011-2012 are presented in Appendix 1. Figure 2.6. The dynamics of mortality of Russians depending on external causes is presented.

Figure 2.6.- Dynamics of mortality due to external causes, 2011-2012, thousand people Federal State Statistics Service. Demography / 2013 //http://www.gks.ru/

As can be seen from fig. 2.6., The share of deaths from transport accidents has increased, there has been a decrease in deaths due to alcohol poisoning, suicides and killings, although the proportion of deaths for these reasons is high.

Obviously, not seeing the possibility of actually reducing mortality, the authorities put the main emphasis on increasing the birth rate. Some growth occurred here - from 12.6 cases per 1000 people in 2011 to 14.1 cases per 1000 people in 2012. Further, this growth will slow down Vishnevsky A.G. Russia: demographic results of two decades // World of Russia: sociology, ethnology. - 2013. - N 3. - P.3-40 .. Meanwhile, the fact that in a country forced to deal with colossal problems, there has been a natural demographic growth in 2012, does not mean that the situation here is always positive. In the 1990s, a catastrophic decline in the birth rate occurred, which accompanied the period of the change in the political system. Therefore, when young people born between 1993 and 2005 have reached childbearing age, a noticeable decrease in the overall birth rate should be expected.

On the whole, the announced statistics speak of an improvement in the quality of life: unemployment remains at a stable low level of about 5.4%, and an improvement in housing conditions (last year mortgages broke records, the volume of loans extended more than 1.5 times and approached 1 trillion rubles), the effectiveness of state policy (the presence of maternity capital and the possibility of its use for improving housing conditions). A 4-7% reduction in mortality indicates an increase in the quality of medical care and the overall health of the nation. For the Russian economy, an increase in the birth rate means an increase in workers, which will increase the domestic market, domestic consumption and will stimulate the development of the economy. The improvement is due to a sense of stability in the country - the economic and political situation has improved significantly. Also, one of the reasons is the payment of maternity capital at the birth of the second child, in 2012 it amounted to 387,640 rubles, in 2013 it was already 408,960 rubles. According to experts, this trend will continue in 2013, and it can be considered sustainable.

2.5 Alternative solutions to social problems

Similar documents

Social policy of the state at the present stage of development of Russia. The concept and indicators of planning the standard of living of the population. The system of social protection of the population and the main directions of its development. Calculation of the needs of the company in a short-term loan.

term paper, added on 11/26/2013


The concept, forms, causes and consequences of unemployment. Analysis of employment and unemployment in Russia. State policy to combat unemployment. The state of the labor market, support mechanisms and ways to solve the problems of employment in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

term paper, added 07/22/2010


Measures to overcome the social crisis at the initial stage. Social priorities and ways of their implementation. Reforming the social benefits system. Social protection of fundamental human rights in the world of work. Social policy in the field of education.

abstract, added 11.29.2005


A comprehensive analysis of the composition of population income categories and social policy as integral components of the economic policy of a modern market state aimed at providing legal protection and creating social guarantees in society.

abstract, added 08/10/2010


Causes of global problems. Global problems of the economy. Environmental management. The problem of food and ways to solve it. Problems of scientific and technical progress and problems of education in the world. The nature of solving global problems.

term paper, added 01/20/2007


Poverty is a socio-economic category, its causes, solutions. The Millennium Declaration and the fight against poverty in the modern world. Government strategies to address the problem of poverty in the Republic of Belarus. Social policy analysis.

term paper, added 02/20/2016


Market and competition, imperfection of the system. Social policy: problems and methods for solving them. Social orientation, its contradiction with economic efficiency. Social policy of the state. Implementation of social policy in Russia.

abstract, added 09/23/2007


Environmental problems in the modern world. The enterprise as an environmental subsystem. Analysis of environmental problems of JSC "Caustic". Development of proposals for solving environmental and economic problems and improving environmental protection measures of the organization.

thesis, added 09/23/2015


Social policy of the state: the essence, functions, principles and directions of its implementation. The policy of social protection and social guarantees by the state. Description and features of the social policy of the Republic of Belarus at the present stage.

term paper, added 09/23/2010


Demographic problem. The problem of poverty, hunger and disease in the world. Health issue. Preservation of peace, disarmament and the conversion of military production. Ecological crisis. Fuel - energy and raw material problems. Ways to solve problems.