Politics and economics relationship and development presentation. Economic policy

30.03.2022

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What is an open economic policy of the state Economic goals states. Main directions of economic policy. Stabilization monetary policy Goals Tools Types Pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy Objectives Instruments Types Pros and cons Structural policy Definition How to understand it Examples of structural policy Pros and cons Questions 1

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Economic policy state is the process of implementing its functions to achieve certain economic goals.

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Classic economic functions state economic stabilization; protection of property rights; regulation of money circulation; income redistribution; regulation of relationships between employers and employees; control over foreign economic activity; production of public goods.

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The most general economic goals of the state economic growth(development!); creation of conditions economic freedom(the right to choose the type, form and scope economic activity, methods of its implementation and use of income from it); Security economic security And economic efficiency;

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The most general economic goals of the state are to ensure full employment (everyone who can and wants to work should have a job); Providing assistance to those who cannot fully provide for themselves, etc.

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The main directions of state economic policy are stabilization and structural.

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Stabilization includes mainly fiscal (fiscal) and monetary (monetary) policies. The structural direction uses such methods of influencing the economy as government support industries that are particularly important for the development of the entire economy of the country, the production of public goods, privatization, promoting competition and limiting monopolies, etc. If stabilization policy is aimed primarily at improving the economy, then structural policy is aimed at maintaining its balanced development, i.e., a healthy lifestyle.

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Stabilization monetary policy What is it? What are the main benefits and risks associated with the use of its tools?

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Objectives of monetary policy Ensuring: stable economic growth, full employment of resources, stability of the price level, equilibrium of the balance of payments.

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Monetary policy influences aggregate demand. The object of regulation is - money supply. Monetary policy is determined and implemented by the Central Bank. However, changes in the money supply occur not only as a result of the operations of the Central Bank, but also of commercial banks, as well as decisions of the non-banking sector (consumers and firms).

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Types of monetary policy There are two types of monetary policy: stimulating and contracting. Stimulating monetary policy is carried out during a recession in order to “energize” the economy and growth business activity in order to combat unemployment. Contractionary monetary policy is carried out during boom periods and is aimed at reducing business activity in order to combat inflation.

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Advantages of monetary policy No internal lag (the period of time between the moment of awareness economic situation in the country and the moment of taking measures to improve it). No crowding out effect. Expansionary monetary policy (increased money supply) causes a reduction in the interest rate, which leads not to crowding out, but to stimulation of investment. Multiplier effect.

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Disadvantages of monetary policy Possibility of inflation. Expansionary monetary policy, i.e. An increase in the money supply leads to inflation even in the short term. The presence of an external lag due to the complexity and possible failures in the monetary transmission mechanism. The external lag represents the period of time from the moment the measures are taken until the result of their impact on the economy appears.

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Stabilization fiscal policy What is it? What are the main benefits and risks associated with the use of its tools?

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Fiscal policy is government action to stabilize the economy by changing the amount of income or spending state budget. Fiscal policy is actions to regulate aggregate demand. The economy is regulated by influencing the amount of total expenditures. A number of fiscal policy instruments can be used to influence aggregate supply.

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Fiscal policy goals: stable economic growth; 2) full employment of resources (solving the problem of cyclical unemployment); 3) stable price level. Instruments of fiscal policy - expenditures and revenues of the state budget: public procurement; 2) taxes; 3) transfers.

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Types of fiscal policy Depending on the phase of the cycle, either stimulating or contractionary policies are applied. Expansionary fiscal policy is applied during a recession and is aimed at increasing aggregate demand. Its tools are: magnification public procurement, tax cuts and increased transfers. Contractionary fiscal policy is used during a boom and is aimed at reducing aggregate demand. Its tools are: reducing government purchases, increasing taxes and reducing transfers.

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Impact of Fiscal Policy Instruments on Aggregate Demand Government procurement is a component of aggregate demand, so changes in it have a direct impact, while taxes and transfers have an indirect impact on aggregate demand. Increased government purchases increase aggregate demand. An increase in transfers also increases aggregate demand because it increases personal income households An increase in taxes leads to a reduction in aggregate demand.

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The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Supply Since firms view taxes as costs, an increase in taxes leads to a decrease in aggregate supply, and tax cuts lead to an increase in business activity and production volume.

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Advantages of fiscal policy Multiplier effect (fiscal policy instruments have a multiplier effect on the value of aggregate output. Absence of external lag (external lag is the period of time between the adoption of a decision and the appearance of the first results. Availability of automatic stabilizers. Since these stabilizers are built-in, the government does not need take special measures to stabilize the economy.

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Disadvantages of fiscal policy Presence of an internal lag. (this is the period of time between the need to change a policy and the decision to change it). Displacement effect. (budget expenditures during a recession to total income, which is the demand for money and the interest rate on money market. Rising prices for loans to private investment, i.e. to “crowding out” part of firms’ investment expenditures.

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Structural (industrial) policy What is it? What are the main benefits and risks associated with the use of its tools?

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Examples of industrial policy World experience provides examples of at least three types of industrial policy: export-oriented (creating conditions for the growth of exports of certain types of products), internally oriented (protecting the domestic market and ensuring economic self-sufficiency) strategic industrial policy aimed at limiting the use of one’s own natural and non-renewable resources (oil, forest, ecology, etc.).

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Examples of industrial policy Export- policy oriented– South Korea of the 60s-80s and other “tigers” of Southeast Asia, China of the 80s and 90s, partly Japan, India of the 90s, Chile of the 70s and 80s. Internally oriented policy - India 60s - 80s, France 50s - 70s, Japan, China, USA (in terms of policy in agriculture), the USSR and to a certain extent Russia. Strategic industrial policy - actions of the USA, OPEC countries.

Political power

State power

I. Origin

It arises practically with the emergence of society, the social division between those who exercise power (the group of managers) and those to whom it is applied (the group of the governed)

A product of later development with the emergence private property, the division of society into classes

II. The mechanism of power formation and its bearer

Elective power (apparatus)

The state apparatus is formed on the basis of elections and appointments. The apparatus in whose hands the power is located is a special class of persons - the bureaucracy.

When a party loses an election, political power and its composition also change.

With the arrival of a new batch, the apparatus practically does not change

III. Forms of government

1) the power of the leader of a political movement 2) the power of a political party 3) state power

State power is an instrument of political power State power is legitimate power

IV. Mechanism of operation

Coercion in the sense of subjecting discipline only to the circle of its party members, movements based on the Charter

– Coercion against all members of society – monopoly on regulation political life in the form of a system of legal norms established exclusively by state bodies and sanctioned coercions - the sovereignty of state authorities in relation to other states

Comparison of political power with state power

Classic economic functions of the state are stabilization of the economy; protection of property rights; regulation of money circulation; income redistribution; regulation of relationships between employers and employees; control over foreign economic activity; production of public goods.

New functions of the state They are associated with the formation post-industrial society: – support for fundamental science, – participation in the decision global problems humanity, -overcoming the environmental crisis and its consequences, -eliminating the economic gap.

The most general economic goals of the state: Ensuring economic growth (development!); creation of conditions for economic freedom (the right to choose the type, form and scope of economic activity, methods of its implementation and use of income from it); Ensuring economic security and economic efficiency;

Stabilization includes mainly budgetary-tax (fiscal) and monetary(monetary) policy. The structural direction uses such methods of influence on the economy as state support for industries that are especially important for the development of the entire economy of the country, the production of public goods, privatization, promoting competition and limiting monopolies, etc. If stabilization policy is aimed primarily at improving the economy, then structural policy is aimed at maintaining it balanced development, i.e. a healthy lifestyle.

What is an open economic policy of the state - Economic goals of the state. –Main directions of economic policy. Monetary stabilization policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Structural policy – Definition – How to understand it – Examples of structural policy – Pros and cons Questions

Monetary policy influences aggregate demand. The object of regulation is the money supply. Monetary policy is determined and implemented by the Central Bank. However, changes in the money supply occur not only as a result of the operations of the Central Bank, but also of commercial banks, as well as decisions of the non-banking sector (consumers and firms).

The second instrument of monetary policy is the regulation of the discount interest rate (refinancing rate). The discount rate is the interest rate at which the Central Bank provides loans to commercial banks. CBs resort to loans from the Central Bank if they unexpectedly face the need to urgently replenish reserves or to get out of a difficult financial situation.

The third instrument of monetary policy is operations on open market. Open market operations are the purchase and sale of government securities securities on secondary markets securities. The objects of operations on the open market are mainly: 1) short-term government bonds and 2) treasury bills.

Types of monetary policy There are two types of monetary policy: – stimulating – contracting. Stimulating monetary policy is carried out during a recession in order to “energize” the economy, increase business activity in order to combat unemployment. Contractionary monetary policy is carried out during boom periods and is aimed at reducing business activity in order to combat inflation.

Advantages of monetary policy Absence of internal lag (the period of time between the moment of awareness of the economic situation in the country and the moment of taking measures to improve it). No crowding out effect. Expansionary monetary policy (increased money supply) causes a reduction in the interest rate, which leads not to crowding out, but to stimulation of investment. Multiplier effect.

Fiscal policy is the government's actions to stabilize the economy by changing the amount of government budget revenues or expenditures. Fiscal policy is actions to regulate aggregate demand. The economy is regulated by influencing the amount of total expenditures. A number of fiscal policy instruments can be used to influence aggregate supply.

Fiscal policy goals: 1) stable economic growth; 2) full employment of resources (solving the problem of cyclical unemployment); 3) stable price level. Instruments of fiscal policy - expenditures and revenues of the state budget: 1) public procurement; 2) taxes; 3) transfers. Same as monetary policy

Types of fiscal policy Depending on the phase of the cycle, either stimulating or contractionary policies are applied. Expansionary fiscal policy is applied during a recession and is aimed at increasing aggregate demand. Its tools are: increasing government procurement, lowering taxes and increasing transfers. Contractionary fiscal policy is used during a boom and is aimed at reducing aggregate demand. Its tools are: reducing government purchases, increasing taxes and reducing transfers.

Impact of Fiscal Policy Instruments on Aggregate Demand Government procurement is a component of aggregate demand, so changes in it have a direct impact, while taxes and transfers have an indirect impact on aggregate demand. Increased government purchases increase aggregate demand. An increase in transfers also increases aggregate demand because household personal income increases. An increase in taxes leads to a reduction in aggregate demand.

Disadvantages of fiscal policy Presence of an internal lag. (this is the period of time between the need to change a policy and the decision to change it). Displacement effect. (budget expenditures during a recession to total income, which is the demand for money and the interest rate on the money market. Rising prices for loans to private investment, i.e. to “crowding out” part of the investment expenses of firms.

Uncertainty. Uncertainty concerns: -identification of the economic situation, -scale of impact in any given economic situation. Budget deficit. Increased purchases and transfers, i.e. budget expenditures, and tax reduction, i.e. budget revenues, which leads to an increase in the budget deficit.

About the definition Industrial policy is not an alternative to construction policy market economy, but only a specific solution tool structural problems. In the West, this term rather corresponds to the term “industrial” or “sectoral” policy (as government measures to support or develop specific sectors of the economy. Examples are post-war France, Sweden in the 80s, South Korea, India, Japan, US agricultural policy .

Features of the Russian understanding In the early 90s, the term industrial policy was adopted. There was a shift in emphasis, and industrial policy was interpreted as “state policy in the field of industry” or, in fact, as “state support for industry”. As a rule, high-tech and knowledge-intensive branches of the military-industrial complex (MIC) were meant.

Peculiarities of the Russian understanding Since industrial policy results in changes sectoral structure production, then in Russian practice The term "structural policy" is often used as an analogue or synonym for industrial policy. In the West, “structural policy” (or more often “structural reforms”) means institutional transformations, such as privatization, monopoly reform, land reform, support for small businesses, etc.

Features of the Russian understanding Industrial policy is a set of government actions aimed at purposefully changing the structure of the economy by creating more favorable conditions for the development of priority sectors and industries. Essentially equivalent is the definition of industrial policy as discrimination by the state of some sectors compared to others. In both cases, we are talking about creating unequal operating conditions.

Peculiarities of the Russian understanding of industrial policy presupposes the presence of clear state priorities. Industrial policy is always an attempt to change the “natural course of events”. Industrial policy means improving the situation of some sectors of the economy due to the relative deterioration of the operating conditions of other sectors. An industrial policy can be considered successful if the benefit to the country as a whole (including both direct and indirect benefits) from the development of priority sectors is higher than the damage from slowing the development of all others.

Examples of industrial policy World experience provides examples of at least three types of industrial policy: 1.export-oriented (creating conditions for the growth of exports of certain types of products), 2.internally oriented (protecting the domestic market and ensuring economic self-sufficiency) 3.strategic industrial policy aimed to limit the use of its own natural and non-renewable resources (oil, forest, ecology, etc.).

Examples of industrial policy Export-oriented policy - South Korea in the 60s-80s and other “tigers” of Southeast Asia, China in the 80s and 90s, partly Japan, India in the 90s, Chile in the 70s and 80s -X. Internally oriented policy - India 60s - 80s, France 50s - 70s, Japan, China, USA (in terms of agricultural policy), USSR and to a certain extent Russia. Strategic industrial policy - actions of the USA, OPEC countries.

Industrial policy: pro et contra Liberal economic theory considers industrial policy as unlawful government intervention in the economy, distorting the action of market mechanisms and preventing optimal distribution resources. According to prevailing views, the state is unable to determine the true points of growth.

Main arguments for Market mechanisms effectively remove structural imbalances only with relatively small deviations from the optimum. Eliminating “global” imbalances requires non-market measures. Time horizons for decision making market actors"shorter" than may be necessary to make optimal decisions. The social and political costs of market self-regulation without the use of special measures may turn out to be higher than the strength of the socio-political system allows.

The main arguments against Industrial policy generates more significant imbalances than those that are intended to be leveled. Industrial policy involves an “unequal playing field” and creates opportunities for lobbying and corruption. Industrial policy involves the state (official) choosing “champions”, which inevitably leads, even in the absence of corruption, to mistakes and large-scale costs.

What is the open economic policy of the state - Economic goals of the state. –Main directions of economic policy. Monetary stabilization policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Fiscal stabilization policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Structural policy – Definition – How to understand it – Examples of structural policy – Pros and cons Basic concepts

“National Economy” - Basic ideas of V. Oyken. Liszt's ideas. National economy as a system of social economy that has developed on the territory of a certain state. The term “National Economy” has a triple meaning: The question of the subject of the theory national economy has not yet been finally resolved. Great value economic freedom to promote prosperity should not be underestimated.

“The Economics of Organization” - James Goldsmith (b. 1928), British businessman. P – political, E – economics, S – social, T – technology. Non-existent tax benefits on leasing. Other operating conditions did not change. Calculation average cost working capital: Commercial organization. Example. Definition of the term “enterprise”:

“Regional Economics” - Problems of regional management Distribution of productive forces - patterns, principles and factors. The concept of spatial development, factors reflecting the influence of space. Basic concepts. Stages of regional economic research. Stages of the formation of science. Methods of regional economics. Region: content and operation.

“Questions on Economics” - Mixed. Warp market system. Private and economic initiative. What type economic system most common? Forms the amount of income. Competition. Public property. - Anything that is legally registered as property. How are the main economic issues resolved? Property objects.

“Economics teacher” - Features of my methodological system. The purpose of the methodological system. The effectiveness of participation of students of the Uglich FML in municipal olympiads in economics. The significance of objects. Results of extracurricular activities in mathematics and economics. Study room. Efficiency of the educational process motivation information interaction interactive dialogue competitiveness and attractiveness of learning rational use of the teacher’s working time.

"Economy during the war years" - Foreign policy. Currency reform December 14, 1947 http://www.pobediteli.ru./. June 1944 - opening of the second front. Military economy of the USSR 1941 - 1945. Sources of post-war economics. growth. 27 million people died. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina - became part of the USSR in 1940. North Atlantic (to the ports of Murmansk, Severomorsk, Arkhangelsk, Molotovsk (since 1957