What is integration? International economic integration. Integration ties of new states

economic, the newest form of internationalization of economic life, expressed under capitalism in the form of an organic combination of two factors - the mutual interweaving of private monopolies different countries and pursuing a coordinated state-monopoly policy in mutual economic relations and in relations with third countries. Internationalization is an objective process determined by the development of productive forces, one of the directions of internationalization of the economy, as a result of the development of productive forces. “...The entire economic, political and spiritual life of mankind,” wrote V.I. Lenin, “is increasingly internationalized under capitalism. Socialism will completely internationalize it” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 23, p. 318). The deep basis of internationalization is determined by the increasing size of enterprises and their incompatibility with the limited size of domestic markets (especially small countries), the advantages of the international division of labor, and the need for its sustainable, regular nature.

In bourgeois political economy, the objective nature of the process of change is often interpreted as one of the factors in the rapprochement of socialism and capitalism (see Convergence theory). This interpretation has no scientific basis. In fact, the integration processes taking place both in relations between socialist countries and in capitalist countries are fundamentally different in nature and act as one of the factors in the confrontation between socialism and capitalism.

I. capitalist - interstate associations formed after World War II (1939-45) in the process of state-monopoly regulation of the economy. Capitalist innovation in modern conditions represents a new stage of cooperation between monopolies of different countries in the process of economic expansion and in the struggle for the capture and redistribution of sales markets. It is developing in the form of regional economic blocs and groupings of states, covering certain parts of the capitalist world and being in complex antagonistic relationships with each other and with its non-integrated parts. Capitalist history arises on the basis of the law of uneven economic and political development of capitalism (see Uneven economic and political development of capitalism in the era of imperialism law (See Uneven economic and political development of capitalism law)). One of the aspects of the operation of this law is expressed in the fact that, other things being equal, imperialist countries with large population have advantages associated with the greater capacity of the domestic market, which contributes to the optimality of enterprises and their greater competitiveness. In this regard, the monopolies of Western European countries were in a worse position compared to North American ones. Here, the need to expand markets beyond national borders, generated by the transition to mass and large-scale production, and the elimination of national economic barriers that prevented the formation of large economic complexes, was particularly evident here. The most important factor What contributed to I. was the political situation in Western Europe after World War II: the collapse of plans for its unification through imperialist aggression, the victory of socialism in a number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe, and the collapse of the colonial system of imperialism. All this determined the special role of Western Europe as the homeland and main arena of mining. The first practical step of mining was the creation in 1951 by France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg of the European Coal and Steel Community (See European Coal and Steel Community); the second decisive step was the conclusion in 1957 of the Treaty of Rome on the formation by the same countries of the European Economic Community (See European Economic Community) (EEC) - the “Common Market” and at the same time the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). Although the Treaty of Rome was drawn up under the motto of “liberalization” economic relations member countries, the purpose of the EEC is not to weaken government intervention V economic life, but an attempt to transform this intervention based on a combination of national and supranational means of regulating the economy.

From the very beginning, India followed the path of collective autarkism - the creation of closed economic blocs as new forms of struggle for the division and redistribution of markets. In 1960, as a counterweight to the EEC, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was created under the auspices of Great Britain.

Western European history contributed to the strengthening of international economic ties between the countries of imperialism, both as a whole and within integration associations. With the intensive growth of the volume of foreign trade in general, the share of mutual trade of the EEC countries increased by the beginning of 1970 by more than 6.3 times compared to 1958. Based on the expansion of markets, the centralization of production and capital increased, which, in turn, pushed the migration of capital both within EEC, and especially from third countries, primarily from the USA. The emergence of state integration groups contributed to the further development of private export of capital from some imperialist countries to others (for example, from the USA to Canada, to Australia, etc.), rapid growth inter- and multinational companies (see Export of capital), as one of important elements integration process.

At the same time, in the course of capitalist innovation, old contradictions become aggravated and new contradictions arise. Since the interests of the monopolies of individual countries often run counter to the program of economic independence, discussions on political innovation are resumed in the EEC from time to time, that is, on the creation of unified political bodies with the transfer to them of part of the sovereign rights of national bodies. The lack of progress in this area reflects the incompatibility of the interests of the participating countries in many areas. The contradictions between the EEC and EFTA are even more obvious. Relations between the United States and the EEC are characterized by constant attempts by American monopolies to penetrate the expanded European capital market and overcome the common customs wall created by the EEC against third countries. In these attempts, the role of the vanguard of the United States is played by Great Britain, which, together with Denmark and Ireland, has been a member of the EEC since January 1, 1973, which was resisted by some member countries of the EEC, whose ruling circles feared a violation of the existing balance of power to the detriment of their interests. Deep contradictions of interests both between integration groupings and countries outside their borders, and within integration groupings have emerged in connection with the deepening currency crisis 1970-72.

Western European history accelerated integration trends in some other parts of the capitalist world, especially in developing countries, where there are a number of groups that are externally similar to Western European ones. These are: in Latin America, the Central American Common Market [(CAOC) Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador (since 1960), Costa Rica (since 1962)], Latin American Association free trade[(LAST) Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay (since 1960), Ecuador and Colombia (since 1961), Venezuela (since 1966), Bolivia (since 1967)]. In Africa, in 1965, at a conference of West African countries - Ghana, Liberia, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo - it was decided to create an intergovernmental organization to coordinate economic development. In 1966, the agreement on the Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (Cameroon, People's Republic of Congo, Chad, Central African Republic, Gabon) came into force. In 1965, the agreement on the Arab common market (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Kuwait, YAR, etc.) came into force. In June 1967, an agreement was signed on the formation of the East African Community (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda). The direction and activities of all these and other similar organizations depend to a great extent on the relationship of social, class and political forces both within the respective countries and on an international scale. Although some of these associations are temporarily dominated by pro-imperialist, neo-colonialist forces, in general their emergence is a progressive fact.

Lit.: International meeting of communist and workers' parties. Documents and materials, M., 1969, p. 285-330; On imperialist integration in Western Europe (“Common Market”). Theses of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences, “World Economy and International Relations”, 1962, No. 9 (appendix); Western Europe: workers against monopolies, M., 1965; Economic groups in Western Europe, M., 1969; Political economy of modern monopoly capitalism, vol. 2, M., 1970; Maksimova M. M., Main problems of imperialist integration, M., 1971; Alampiev P. M., Bogomolov O. T., Shiryaev Yu. S., Economic integration is an objective need for the development of world socialism, M., 1971; Inozemtsev N.N., Modern capitalism: new phenomena and contradictions, M., 1972, p. 95-134.

Ya. A. Pevzner.

the process of ordering, coordination and unification of structures and functions in an entire organism, characteristic of living systems at each level of their organization. The concept of "I." introduced by the English scientist G. Spencer (1857), connecting it with differentiation (See Differentiation) tissues in the process of evolution and specialization of functions of initially homogeneous, diffusely reacting living matter. Examples of I. at the molecular level of organization: I. amino acids in a complex protein molecule, I. nucleotides in a nucleic acid molecule; at the cellular level - the design of the cell nucleus, self-reproduction of cells as a whole. In a multicellular organism, i. reaches top level, expressed in the processes of its ontogenesis; at the same time, the interconnection of the parts and functions of the body increases with progressive evolution; the system of correlations becomes more complex, regulatory mechanisms are created to ensure the stability and integrity of the developing organism. At the level of communities—populations, species, and biocenoses—I. manifests itself in the complex and interdependent evolution of these biological systems. The degree of I. can serve as an indicator of the level of progressive development of any living system.

In physiology, I. is the functional unification of particular physiological mechanisms into complexly coordinated adaptive activity of the whole organism. The elementary unit of intelligence is a functional system—a dynamic association of central-peripheral formations that ensures self-regulation of a specific function. The principles of physiological I. were revealed (1906) by the English physiologist C. Sherrington using the example of coordination of reflex activity of the spinal cord (convergence, reciprocity, common final path, etc.). These principles operate at all levels of the nervous system, including the cerebral cortex. The highest manifestation of physiological intelligence is a conditioned reflex (See Conditioned reflexes), in which mental, somatic, and vegetative components are combined to carry out the integral adaptive activity of the body.

Lit.: Shmalgauzen I.I., Integration of biological systems and their self-regulation, Bull. Moscow Society of Natural Scientists. Department of Biology", 1961, vol. 66, v. 2, p. 104-34; Anokhin P.K., Biology and neurophysiology of the conditioned reflex, M., 1968.

I. V. Orlov, A. V. Yablokov.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

Antonyms:

See what “Integration” is in other dictionaries:

Cultural state internal integrity of culture and coherence between diff. its elements, as well as the process that results in such mutual agreement. The term “I.K.”, used primarily in Amer. cultural... ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies

Integration: Wiktionary has an article “integration” Integration is cohesion, the unification of political, economic, government ... Wikipedia

- (lat.). The combination into one whole of what previously existed in a scattered form, followed by differentiation, that is, a gradual increase in the difference between initially homogeneous parts. From integration accompanied by differentiation... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- (from Latin integer whole) unification of economic entities, deepening their interaction, developing connections between them. Economic integration takes place both at the level of national economies of entire countries, and between enterprises, firms,... ... Economic dictionary

- (Latin integratio restoration, replenishment, from integer whole), side of the development process associated with the unification of previously disparate parts and elements into a whole. I. processes can take place both within the framework of an already established system in this... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

integration- and, f. integration f. , lat. integratio. 1. Combining into a whole which l. parts. BAS 1. Process of integration and disintegration. OZ 1873 2 2 232. How strong are the foundations on which the integration of the community was previously accomplished. OZ 1878 5 1 120. 2.… … Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- (Latin integratio restoration, replenishment, from integer whole), a concept meaning the state of connectedness of individual differentiated parts and functions of a system into a whole, as well as the process leading to such a state (for example, integration in science ... Modern encyclopedia

Integration, association, connection, merger; merger Dictionary of Russian synonyms. integration see association 3 Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova ... Dictionary of synonyms

Translated from Latin, “integration” means fusion, the connection of individual parts into a whole, common, unified. The general definition of the term can be formulated as an association, convergence or merging of parts, forming a common, unified whole, but at the same time maintaining its identity.

Countries can move closer together, forming various alliances, for example, trade, economic, political, cultural, and so on, thereby maintaining their national identity. The main goal of integration can be called expanding the volume of goods and services that are based on the efficient provision of activities, for example, integration processes in trade.

Integration also includes phenomena in different spheres of life of society and the state: political, cultural, economic and others. Integration processes in the modern world are examples of movement, the development of a certain system in which the connection between the participants becomes stronger, while their independence decreases, and new forms of interaction begin to appear. Both earlier and now, in the era of modern technologies, integration processes are accompanied by significant progress in science, economics, culture and even politics.

The development of such processes in the modern world at the micro and macro levels is the most important sign of integration. At the micro level, integration occurs through the interaction of funds of individual companies and enterprises through the formation of economic agreements, transactions and contracts between them, through the creation of branches in other countries. Integration processes can also be created in other areas besides the economic one. At the macro level, integration can be global or regional. It is based on the development of the world market, production and communications.

In the modern world, there are several types of integration processes in the economic sphere. One of the simplest forms is a zone. In such a zone, various trade restrictions between countries participating in the union are canceled, and trade duties are also lifted. The second form can be called a customs union. In addition to the zone, it also establishes a foreign trade tariff, uniform for all, and applied to other countries.

The third, more complex form of the integration process is that it provides the members of the union with free mutual trade, a single foreign trade tariff, freedom of movement and, accordingly, capital, as well as coordination of economic policies. And, finally, the highest form of interstate integration in the field of economics is an economic and monetary union, which combines all the above forms of integration. At this stage, political integration with its own unified governing bodies appears.

Along with integration processes, special associations also arise, the peculiarity of which is their successful development at the level of regional significance.

UDC 330.190.2

INTEGRATION RELATIONS OF BUSINESS ENTITIES AT THE MESO LEVEL

© Svetlana Vyacheslavovna POZDNYAKOVA

Tambov State University named after. G.R. Derzhavina, Tambov, Russian Federation, assistant at the Department of Taxes and Taxation, e-mail: [email protected]

The article presents an interpretation of the category “integration”, the prerequisites of which are the desire to improve the quality of management and eliminate inefficiency, the desire to reduce the tax burden, the possibility of diversifying production and using excess resources, the desire to increase the political weight of the company’s management and the personal motives of managers. Meso-level integration is considered, the categories “integration process”, “integration connections”, types and forms of integration are defined. The complexity of integration ties designed to establish strong interdependence between enterprises is described, thereby creating a powerful reserve for strengthening the industrial potential that determines the future development of the industry.

Key words: big business; small business; regional level; entrepreneurship; integration; integration links; integration process.

The structure of modern society is a system that includes public sector economies, large, small and medium-sized enterprises interacting and complementing each other. The nature of such interaction is determined by clearly expressed global integration trends, which are reflected in the meso-level economy.

Small enterprises in developed countries successfully interact with representatives of large businesses who consider them as strategic partners. These include industrial, trade, construction, transport, as well as scientific, technical and service corporations that use franchising, venture financing and leasing in their activities. In modern world practice, small and medium-sized enterprises, while maintaining their economic and legal independence, are organically part of large corporations, which often themselves initiate the formation of small enterprises, especially in new scientific and technological areas, providing them with comprehensive support. In the context of the past crisis, the unification of small and large businesses has become one of the ways to maintain their position in the market, since by combining advantages and establishing effective integration links, a stable and effectively functioning mesostructure can be obtained.

Currently in Russia there are significant disproportions between large and small businesses, despite the fact that their interaction is based not only on mutual interests, but also on common goals. Such an irrational, from the standpoint of world practice, relationship between large, medium and small enterprises, characteristic of all industries and territorial-economic entities (regions) Russian economy, has its historical roots. In the Soviet planned economy, priority was given to large industrial and agricultural enterprises, for which production volumes and the range of products were established. In a market economy, demand determines many things - volumes, assortment, quality, and at the same time the integral efficiency of production of goods and services (costs, quality, assortment renewal, etc.), their delivery to consumers largely depends on the relationships between small and large businesses. Therefore, in the structure of the national economies of developed countries, the share of small and medium-sized enterprises is constantly increasing, the mechanisms of their interaction with large corporations, which are forced to adequately respond to global differentiation of markets and the increasing individualization of consumer demand in the era of post-industrial innovative development, are being improved. Effective use of resource capabilities of the national eco-

economics, as well as its individual regional and industrial sectors, also depends on the rational ratio of the number of large and small enterprises.

In establishing interaction between large and small businesses at the meso level, government authorities play a special role, providing benefits to small businesses, making them attractive to large and medium-sized businesses, since placing orders with small enterprises allows them to reduce production costs. It is the state that can stimulate large firms by giving preference in distribution government order those of them that will carry it out with the involvement of small businesses, since most small enterprises in the manufacturing sector cannot operate sustainably without orders from large and medium-sized enterprises. In all countries with market economy each one is large production company cooperates with dozens and even hundreds of small enterprises, while cooperation between small and large businesses is mainly carried out along industry and territorial lines in the system of regulatory coordinates of a particular region.

Achieving mutual correspondence between these areas of entrepreneurship largely depends on regional authorities and non-governmental organizations (unions, associations, etc.) coordinating the work of individual groups of large, medium and small enterprises, since in Russian conditions the interaction of large and small businesses is extremely important for the transition of the economy on an innovative path of development, which requires constant contacts between participants in the innovation process, allowing for adjustments scientific research, development and production process, as well as with regional authorities. Such interaction has its own characteristics, determined by corporate interests, which ensure innovative integration of any organizations, regardless of their size.

American researcher of the network society M. Castells notes that in the conditions of transition economic system from

from the industrial type of development to the informational one, “the crisis of a large corporation and the high viability of small and medium-sized firms as agents of innovation and sources of creating new jobs” are manifested, redistribution occurs economic power and technological capabilities from large corporations to medium and small firms. Small and medium-sized businesses more effectively master advanced technologies and more successfully use information about all kinds of innovative developments. Small-scale entities are “closer” to the end consumer, show greater flexibility and adaptability to market requirements, quickly adapt their production program, take into account growing demand as much as possible, and respond more quickly to structural changes in the economy, as well as small enterprises, thanks to the flexibility of organizational forms, more actively occupy free niches in the market and achieve success in areas in which large enterprises and corporate entities are ineffective.

In the conditions of innovative development, the institutional design of sustainable interaction between all participants in the scientific, technical and production spheres through the development of a unified innovation infrastructure that ensures efficient use national scientific and technological potential accumulated by various business entities. This fact is explained by the fact that market reforms in the Russian economy will be socially justified only on the condition that they will actually contribute to the creation of a competitive mechanism in a strategically important area. national economy sphere of innovation activity, since the constancy of innovative changes becomes a priority process of economic development of modern society.

The innovative economy is aimed, first of all, at realizing the potential of large-scale production as having a superior ability, compared to small and medium-sized entities, to attract innovation-oriented

investments (both domestic and foreign), however, confirmed by theory and practice, its innovative qualities, which significantly increase in the process of interaction with small businesses, actualize the problem of institutional support for the associated activities of large and small businesses.

“At the same time, it is true that small and medium-sized enterprises appear to be forms of organization well adapted to the flexible production system of the information economy, and also that their renewed dynamism comes under the control of large corporations that remain at the center of the economic structure of the new global economy. In reality, we are not witnessing the demise of large and powerful corporations, but a crisis of the traditional corporate organizational model based on vertical integration and hierarchical functional management of a staff and line system of strict technical and social division of labor in the company.

Of particular relevance is the promotion and substantiation of the concept of a multifactorial mechanism of macro- and microeconomic stimulation of the innovation process occurring within the boundaries of the integrated interaction of small and large enterprises. In such conditions, innovative activity of joint goal-oriented functioning of different-scale entities economic activity turns into a decisive condition not only for the economic growth of interacting subjects, but also, in essence, for the economic growth of all regional (and national) production.

In essence, integration is an interweaving, merging of separate business structures. The concept of “integration” is relatively new, emerging in the 20s. XX century, its founders were German scientists R. Schmed, H. Kelsen and D. Schindler. The term “integration” (integrace - lat.) means a certain integrity, structure, improvement. Modern literature presents a significant number of scientific works that give an ambiguous interpretation of the terms “integration”, “integration process”, “integration”.

tional connections.” It is worth noting that economic integration is presented both at the level of national economies of entire countries, and between enterprises, firms, companies, and corporations. Economic integration is manifested in the expansion and deepening of production and technological

connections, sharing resources, pooling capital, creating favorable conditions for each other to carry out economic activities, and removing mutual barriers. M. Kaplan’s interpretation of integration is more than simple: integration, in his opinion, takes place when two or more units are united into a whole, as well as “when one system absorbs others.”

Guided by the definition of a modern economic dictionary, integration can be interpreted as “the unification of economic entities, the deepening of their interaction, the development of connections between them.” Depending on the subjects involved in the integration process, the following levels of integration should be distinguished: intraregional integration, interregional integration, interstate integration.

Integration ties, in turn, are designed to establish strong interdependence between enterprises, thereby creating a powerful reserve for strengthening the industrial potential that determines the future development of the industry. The prerequisites for integration are the desire to improve the quality of management and eliminate inefficiency, the desire to reduce the tax burden, the possibility of diversifying production and using excess resources, the desire to increase the political weight of the company's management and the personal motives of managers. Also, the purpose of mergers and acquisitions is to increase the capitalized value of the combined company.

In modern Russia, processes of disintegration are giving way to establishing connections, interaction, unification and integration. And this process is inevitable, although it has a certain chaotic character. To reach a civilized level, it is necessary to have a deep theoretical study and accumulate practical experience, which is still scattered, but necessary in the light of the

searching for new opportunities for innovative development.

In the course of economic integration, reproduction processes coalesce, scientific cooperation, and the formation of close economic, scientific, production and trade ties occur. Integration is manifested both in the expansion and deepening of production and technical ties, the sharing of resources, the pooling of capital, and in creating favorable conditions for each other to carry out economic activities and removing mutual barriers. In the regional aspect, the features of integration processes can be traced. The basic basis and potential of these processes is formed by the regions, since it is here that business structures are registered, operate and develop. Therefore, integration has as its starting point the regional environment where the resources and potential of business structures are concentrated.

Integration at the meso level allows enterprises to achieve and maintain certain positions in the market by solving a number of problems:

Combining resources - intellectual, technological, financial, marketing - to achieve a synergistic effect and diversify activities;

Organization of the technological process, corporate governance, promotion and support of goods to achieve maximum savings and increasing business profitability;

Minimizing commercial risks by obtaining guaranteed access to target markets.

As integration processes, we define the processes of combining assets by subjects of market relations with or without the formation of a new company.

The integration process includes: 1) market circulation of goods, services, money supply(such integration is called superficial); 2) production - (deep integration); 3) the scope of decision-making at the level of firms and business unions. The complexity of integration relations lies in the difference in

The main disadvantage of the uniting structures is their unequal ability to participate in the reproductive cycle.

Vertical integration is driven by technological connections between enterprises and provides economies of scale, consolidation and efficient use of resources. Horizontal integration allows minimizing lost profits, and sometimes indicates the monopolistic aspirations of its participants. Diversification of risk and the ability to indirectly influence partners is provided by diagonal integration (merger with an enterprise located at a different level of the vertical production cycle and producing parallel types of products).

Achieving some compromise between the requirements of minimizing lost profits and minimizing costs, including transaction costs, is possible through combined integration (simultaneously along the technological chain and across parallel types of products).

The development of integration processes has been most noticeable in recent years in the sphere of production and services. Large interregional financial and industrial

ny groups, coordination of regions is being strengthened when creating elements of a new market infrastructure. There are interregional companies serving the integration relations of subjects, for example, committees and commissions of the non-profit partnership “Regions of the 21st Century”. “Taking into account the trends towards regional economic self-isolation, expressed in the slowdown or complete cessation of economic interregional cooperation, obstacles to work in the territory of a particular region for representatives of other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to stimulate interregional cooperation programs at the federal level.”

According to specialists of the non-profit partnership “Regions of the XXI Century”, it is necessary to develop and implement a new model of interregional and international economic interaction based on market efficiency. It is important to involve regional authorities in the process of attracting and providing the necessary conditions

vii work for efficient and competitive Russian manufacturers from other constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The implementation of this task is necessary both to increase the economic potential of the regions and to ensure the national security of Russia, since the closed economy of strong regions can pose a danger to Russia as a federal state. Regionalization creates additional opportunities, incentives and mechanisms for the movement of production factors in the international economy. The category “regional” in this case implies not just the geographical boundaries of this or that integration association, but the similarity of economic, cultural and territorial production complexes.

Regional economic integration has the following goals:

1) increasing national competitiveness;

2) taking advantage of the “economy of scale”, which allows expanding the size of the market, reducing transaction costs, creating a combination of new factors of production, stimulating the influx of direct foreign investment;

3) promoting modernization and structural reforms in the regional economy;

4) obtaining for national entrepreneurs wider access to financial, labor, material resources, and the latest technologies.

In the formation of the institutional foundations of the integration processes of the constituent entities of the Federation in recent years, there have also been certain advances, mainly related to the activities of interregional associations of economic interaction, which have become a noticeable phenomenon in the socio-economic life of Russia. Interregional associations of economic interaction are a voluntary association of constituent entities of the Russian Federation to coordinate efforts in solving socio-economic problems of the regions, improving the quality of life of the population, interregional integration between the regions of Russia and countries of the near and far abroad.

For example, the association of economic interaction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation “Far East and Transbaikalia”

is one of the first interregional associations in Russia. It was created in August 1990. At first, as an advisory body of the leaders of the Far Eastern territories, and in 1993, it was registered by the Russian Ministry of Justice as a voluntary economic union of territories - the Interregional Association of Economic Cooperation of the Subjects of the Russian Federation of the Far East and Transbaikalia.

On May 31, 1991, No. 1354-1, the decree of the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR “On the organization of associations for economic interaction between the regions of the Central Black Earth Region” was signed

RSFSR and measures to create conditions for their accelerated development."

In October 1991, the Constituent Agreement of the subjects of the Central Black Earth Region of the RSFSR was signed on the creation of the Association for Economic Cooperation of the Regions of the Central Black Earth Region of the RSFSR.

On September 16, 1993, No. 918 issued the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Government of the Russian Federation “On some issues of the organization and activities of voluntary associations (associations) of economic interaction between the subjects of the Federation and local governments.”

On November 17, 1999, the State Duma adopted Federal Law No. 211 “On the general principles of organization and activities of associations for economic interaction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.”

From 1991 to 2001, the association of subjects of the Central Black Earth region united ten regions (Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Novgorod, Oryol, Smolensk, Tambov, Tula, Bryansk) and was abbreviated as the Black Earth Association.

In total, by the beginning of 1999, 8 associations had been created, covering the entire territory of Russia, except for Chechnya (8 regions were part of two associations at once). The territories of the associations largely coincided with the territories of 11 economic regions Russia (including the Association "North-West" - Northern and North-Western regions; "Big Volga" - Povolzhsky and Volgo-

Vyatsky; "Siberian Agreement" - East Siberian and West Siberian).

The leaders of these associations are included in the Presidium of the Government of the Russian Federation, and extensive experience has been accumulated in the activities of the executive bodies of the associations in the form of their coordinating councils.

For the modern Russian economy, the task of developing and supporting entrepreneurship by the state, especially its small forms and especially in the production sector, is one of the main ones. An important condition entrepreneurship development is an active and balanced state policy regarding the regulation and support of small businesses, which should take into account the sectoral and regional features of the development of this sector of the economy, and support should be provided at the federal, regional and local levels.

Both the state and the founders of the enterprises participating in the groups are interested in strengthening the positions of business structures. However, the further development of integration processes in the Russian economy is hampered by the lack of clear legislative norms regulating the processes of creation and activities of business associations. Currently in Russia there are no clear legal provisions defining a group of companies as a single economic entity. The norms of civil, antimonopoly, tax, banking, accounting legislation in terms of regulating the functioning of integrated structures are often

contradict each other and rely on different conceptual apparatus.

1. Castells M. Information era: economics, society and culture. URL: http:// www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/kastels_inform/. Cap. from the screen.

2. Gayanova M.V. Integration processes in retail trade: abstract. dis. ...cand. economy Sci. Ekaterinburg, 2QQ9.

3. Kaplan M. System and Process in International Politics. N. Y., 1957.

4. Modern economic dictionary. URL: http://slovari.yandex.ru/integration. Cap. from the screen.

5. Dubinin V.I. Development of entrepreneurial

structures in the region based on innovation and integration. URL: http://www.ktr-online.ru/

articles/index.phtml?sID=38. Cap. from the screen.

6. Information analytical agency “Regions of Russia”. URL: http://www.regions 2l.com/eng/ideology. Cap. from the screen.

7. Erokhin V.L. International entrepreneurship. Moscow; Stavropol, 2QQ8.

8. Information about the Interregional Association “Far East and Transbaikalia”. URL: http://www.assoc.fareast.ru/fe.nsf/pages/info_o_dviz.htm. Cap. from the screen.

9. Association "Central Black Earth". Economic interaction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District. URL:

http://www.chernozem.ru/about.phtml. Cap. from the screen.

1Q. Interregional associations of economic interaction. URL: http://www. poli-tika.su/reg/regass.html. Cap. from the screen.

Received by the editor 7.1Q.2Q11

INTEGRATION CONNECTIONS OF SUBJECTS OF BUSINESSES ON MEZO-LEVEL

Svetlana Vyacheslavovna POZDNYAKOVA, Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin, Tambov, Russian Federation, Assistant of Taxes and Taxation Department, e-mail: [email protected]

In article the treatment of a category “the integration” as which preconditions act aspiration to improve the quality of management and inefficiency elimination, desire to lower tax loading, possibility of a diversification of manufacture and use of superfluous resources, aspiration to raise political weight of company management and personal motives of managers is presented. Mezolevel integration is considered, categories “integration process”, “integration communications”, kinds and integration forms are defined. Complexity of the integration communications, called to establish strong interdependence between the enterprises is described, having created, thereby, a powerful reserve for strengthening of the industrial potential, branches defining the future development.

Key words: large business; small-scale business; regional level business; integration; integration communications; integration process.